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=====Latin===== | =====Latin===== | ||
+ | This page has Latin language resources and follows Collins //A Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin// | ||
+ | Answers to Exercises found with chapters below. | ||
===Resources=== | ===Resources=== | ||
- | [[http:// | + | [[http:// |
- | ====History of Latin=== | + | ===History of Latin=== |
- | </p> | + | * Pre-Classical - Italian region of latio - from 1000bc. 7C bc oldest fibula (buckle) 6C Lapis Negra - date certain. |
+ | * Classical - Golden 2Cbc. Growing difference between written and spoken ticitus, | ||
+ | * Sermo urbanus - literary - disappears after time of Christ | ||
+ | * Sermo vulgaris - ordinary | ||
+ | * Sermo cotidianus - combination | ||
+ | * Silver - S.v. and S.c. become silver. Tertulian augustine, | ||
+ | * Christian - biggest difference is vocabulary for new Xn ideas and bible slowly | ||
+ | * Medieval - spoken becomes the romance languages, written latin stays language of learning. New vocab and grammar. | ||
+ | * Cicero wouldn' | ||
- | <ul> | + | ==History of Xn Latin== |
+ | * Roots not in city of rome - early xns spoke greek. | ||
+ | * Roots in N. Africa - Xns there mainly spoke and wrote latin | ||
+ | * Translations - from greek to latin | ||
+ | * bible 140-150 Itala and Vulgata 340-420 - these translations are not without problems, simple inconsistent, | ||
+ | * fathers - acta perpetua, didache, letters of clement | ||
+ | * Original texts | ||
+ | * Tertulian - created Xn Latin. Transliterated Gk and gave new meaning to Lt words. | ||
+ | * Cyprian +250 | ||
+ | * Augustine +430 trained in rhetorics. Vulgarization of Latin | ||
+ | * End of latin - killing of roman empire and spoken latin - written language | ||
+ | * 1648 peace of Westphalia - first diplomatic document in French. | ||
+ | * VCII possibility of vernacular. | ||
+ | * Still official language of church | ||
+ | Vulgate - hard to overestimate the importance of Latin translations of the bible. It exerted a vast influence on the development of romance languages, especially romance, but even germanic languages. | ||
+ | * Prior to vulgate 4C there were 'old latin versions' | ||
+ | * Jerome appointed by Damasus in 383 to revise the current latin translations based on the greek. Immediately revised the Gospels and Psalter. Damasus also finally latinized the liturgy. Born 346, well educated in latin classics, learned greek later and hebrew much later 380s. By modern critical standards it wasn't great understanding, | ||
- | <p id=" | + | ====Grammar: Summary: Flexi - endings==== |
- | Pre-Classical - Italian region of latio - from 1000bc. 7C bc oldest fibula (buckle) 6C Lapis Negra - date certain. < | + | ==Nouns== |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | * 1) Verb, 2) nominative, (predicate same cng as subj) 3) accusative 4) dative 5) ablative |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | </p> | + | ==5 Cases:== |
+ | |Nominative | ||
+ | |Genitive | ||
+ | |Dative | ||
+ | |Accusative | ||
+ | |Ablative | ||
+ | |::: |Personal agency in passive sentences ' | ||
+ | |::: |After certain prepositions ' | ||
+ | |::: |Instrumentality or means, ' | ||
+ | |::: |specifying the verb | | ||
- | </ul> | + | **Dative of posession** Libro est mihi. |
+ | Verbs - 4 (5) conjugations1st **-a-**2nd **-e-** long e3rd **-e-** short e goes to e or ie4th **-i-** | ||
- | <p id=" | + | |present |
- | Cicero wouldn' | + | |imperfect |
- | </p> | + | ==Vocabulary== |
- | ====History | + | * //saeculum, saculi// n. age, world |
- | < | + | * //famulus -i// m. servant |
+ | * //numquam// adv. never | ||
+ | * //quoque// also, too | ||
+ | * //deleo, delere, delevi, deletus// wipe out, destroy | ||
+ | * //venio, venire, veni, ventus// come - note the present and perfect are often the same - see context. | ||
+ | * //invenio// find | ||
+ | * //mundus -a -um// clean, pure | ||
+ | * //imundus -a -um// impure | ||
+ | * //mundus, -i// m. world | ||
+ | * //perhibeo, perhibere, perhibui, perhibitus// | ||
+ | * //video, videre, vidi, visus// see, realize | ||
+ | * //scio, scire, scivi, scitus// know | ||
+ | * //socium, socii// n. companion, ally | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //resulto, resultare, resultavi, resultatus// | ||
+ | * //hostia, hostiae// sacrificial offering | ||
+ | * //valeo, valere, valui, valitus// be well, be strong, be able (+ inf) | ||
+ | * //videor, videri, -- visus sum// be seen, seem (+ inf) | ||
+ | * //desino, desinere, desii, desitus // cease (+ inf) | ||
+ | * //excipio, excipere, excepi, exceptus // welcome | ||
+ | * //insto, instare, institi, & | ||
+ | * //inhaereo, inhaerere, inhaesi, inhaesus // cling to, adhere (+ dat) | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //caligo, caliginis // f. mist, gloom | ||
+ | * //fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus // pour | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //scando, scandere, scandi, scansus // climb, mount | ||
+ | * //memor // mindful of (+ gen) | ||
+ | * //intereo, interire, interivi, interitus// perish, die | ||
+ | * //obeo, obire, obivi, obitus// go to meet, die | ||
+ | * //pereo, perire, perivi, peritus// perish, die, be lost | ||
+ | * //adsum, adesse, affui, & | ||
+ | * //prosum, prodesse, profui, & | ||
+ | * //incido, incidere, incidi // fall into, happen | ||
+ | * //prex, precis // f. entreaty, prayer | ||
+ | | ||
+ | * //scelus, sceleris// n. crime, sin | ||
+ | * //dignor, dignare, -- dignatus sum// consider worthwhile // | ||
+ | * //judico, judicare, judicavi, judicatus// judge //dejudico //discern | ||
+ | * //jubeo, jubere, jussi, jussus// command, request with accusative and infinitive. | ||
+ | * //utor, uti, -- usus sum// +abl. use, enjoy, be friends with | ||
+ | * //antistes, antistitis// | ||
+ | * //planctus, -us// m. mourning | ||
+ | * //tueor, tueri, -- tuitus sum// watch, protect, uphold | ||
+ | * //labor, labi, -- lapsus sum// slide, fall (backslide) | ||
+ | * //talis, tale// such, of such a sort | ||
+ | * //tantus, -a, -um// so much, so great | ||
+ | * //cano, canere, cecini, cantus// Sing prophesy | ||
+ | * //accendo, accendere, accendi, accensus// kindle, set on fire. | ||
+ | * //consors, consortis, consortium// | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //fateor, fateri, -- fassus sum// admit, confess + acc. praise +dat. | ||
+ | * //pasco, pascere, pavi, pastus// feed | ||
+ | * //statuo, statuere, statui, statutus// establish, appoint, determine | ||
+ | * //ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus// burn | ||
+ | * //inficio, inficere, infeci, infectus// infect, polute | ||
+ | * //proficio, proficere, profeci, profectus// avail, prevail | ||
+ | * //reficio, reficere, refeci, refectus// refresh, repair | ||
+ | * //existimo, existimare, existimavi, existimatus// | ||
+ | * //liquo, liquare, liquavi, liquatus// melt | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * // | ||
- | <p id=" | + | ==Conjunctions, |
- | Roots not in city of rome - early xns spoke greek. < | + | |
- | Roots in N. Africa - Xns there mainly spoke and wrote latin < | + | |
- | </p> | + | |
- | <ul> | + | Conjunctions are indeclinable particles that join clauses together to form sentences. Examples of forms of conjunctions in English are: and, but and so. Conjunctions are either coordinating (joining two main clauses) or subordinating (joing a subclause to a main clause). |
- | <p id=" | + | **Coordinating Conjunctions ** |
- | Translations - from greek to latin < | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | <p id=" | + | |
- | bible 140-150 Itala and Vulgata 340-420 - these translations are not without problems, simple inconsistent, | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | <p id=" | + | |
- | fathers - acta perpetua, didache, letters of clement < | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | </li> | + | |
- | </ul> | + | * //atque// and |
+ | * //aut// or | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //autem// but, and - depends on context, may not need to be translated | ||
+ | * //enim// (usually placed second in sentence) for | ||
+ | * //ergo// and so, therefore | ||
+ | * //et// and | ||
+ | * //et...et// both...and | ||
+ | * //igitur// therefore | ||
+ | * //itaque// and so | ||
+ | * //nam// for | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //prout// according as | ||
+ | * //quam// than (adv: how, how much) | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //-que//* and | ||
+ | * //sed// but | ||
+ | * //tamen// (usually placed second in a sentence) however | ||
+ | * //vel// or (if you prefer) | ||
+ | **Subordinating Conjunctions** | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //cum// when, after + ind.; under the circumstances, | ||
+ | * //donec// while, as long as, till | ||
+ | * //dum// while, for the time | ||
+ | * //etsi// although, even, if | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //ne// in order that ... not, that ... not, introducing negative purpose, or direct command, with subj. | ||
+ | * //nisi// unless, except | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //quia, quod, quoniam// because - sometimes | ||
+ | * //eo quod//// | ||
+ | * //si// if | ||
+ | * //sive, seu// or if, | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //simul ac// as soon as | ||
+ | * //ubi// when, as soon as, (where - adverb) | ||
+ | * //ut// when, as/with result clauses: in order to, so, to, that, introducing negative purpose, or direct command, with subj. (with postulo, rogo, peto, oro, precor, moneo + subjunctive or acc. + inf; or dico ut + subjunctive) | ||
+ | * //utinam// as/with result clauses: in order to, so, to | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //postquam puerum vidit// | ||
+ | **Prepositions** | ||
- | <p id=" | + | | With the __accusative__ case: ||With the __ablative__ case ||With __genitive__ |
- | Original texts <br/> | + | |//ad // |to |
- | </p> | + | |//adversu -s/-m // |opposite |
+ | |// | ||
+ | |//apud // |among, at the house of// |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |//ob // |because of | | ||
+ | |/? | ||
+ | |//post, pone// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |//usque// |up to | | ||
- | <ul> | + | **Adverbs** |
- | <p id=" | + | * //adhunc// so far |
- | | + | |
- | | + | * //deinde// then, next |
- | | + | * //donec, dum// while, as long as |
- | </p> | + | * //etiam// even also (intensifying) |
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //hinc// from here | ||
+ | * //iam// already | ||
+ | * //ideo// therefore, on that account | ||
+ | * //inde// from there, from then | ||
+ | * //invicem// in turn; as reflecive pronoun: one another. | ||
+ | * //ita// so, thus, with adverbs, adjectives | ||
+ | * //itaque// therefore | ||
+ | | ||
+ | | ||
+ | * //nimis// too, too much | ||
+ | * //nondum// not yet | ||
+ | * //nonne// introduces question expecting yes | ||
+ | * //numquid// introduces question expecting no | ||
+ | * //palam// openly | ||
+ | * //postea// afterward | ||
+ | * //quam// how, how much (conj: than) | ||
+ | * //quando // when? | ||
+ | * //quare// why | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | * //quid// why? how? //ut quid// | ||
+ | * //quidem// indeed, at any rate | ||
+ | * //quo// to where (?) | ||
+ | * //quomodo// how? | ||
+ | * //sic// so, thus, with verbs only | ||
+ | * //sicut// like, as | ||
+ | * //simul// together, atthe same time | ||
+ | * //sursum// upward | ||
+ | * //talis// such | ||
+ | * //tam// so, to such a degree, with adverbs and adjectives only | ||
+ | * //tamen// nevertheless | ||
+ | * //tantum// only | ||
+ | * //tum// then | ||
+ | * //tunc// then | ||
+ | * //ultro// on the other side, besides | ||
+ | * //unde// from where | ||
+ | * //usque // as far as, all the way | ||
+ | * //utinam// if only | ||
+ | * //utique// certainly, at any rate | ||
+ | * //valdo// very | ||
+ | * //velut// just as, as if | ||
+ | * //vero// truly | ||
- | </ul> | ||
+ | Some Adverbs of Time: | ||
+ | * iam pridem long ago | ||
+ | * primum first | ||
+ | * postremo finally | ||
+ | * postquam as soon as | ||
+ | * numquam never | ||
+ | * saepe often | ||
+ | * cotidie every day | ||
+ | * nondum not yet | ||
+ | * crebro frequently | ||
+ | * pridie the day before | ||
+ | * umqam ever | ||
+ | * denique at last | ||
- | <p id=" | + | Adverbs |
- | | + | * hic here |
- | 1648 peace of Westphalia - first diplomatic document | + | * huc hither |
- | VCII possibility of vernacular. < | + | * hinc from here |
- | Still official language of church | + | * ibi thereeo thither, |
- | </p> | + | * illic therequo whitherunde whence |
+ | * ubi whereundique from everywhere | ||
+ | * ibidem | ||
+ | * odem to the same place | ||
+ | * quovis anywhere | ||
+ | * usque all the way to | ||
+ | * intro inwardly | ||
+ | * nusquam nowhere | ||
+ | * porro further on | ||
+ | * citro to this side | ||
- | </ul> | + | Adverbs of Manner, Degree, or Cause: |
+ | * quam how, | ||
+ | * astam so | ||
+ | * quamvis however much | ||
+ | * magis more | ||
+ | * paene almost | ||
+ | * valde greatly | ||
+ | * cur why | ||
+ | * quare why | ||
+ | * ergo therefore | ||
+ | * propterea because, on this account | ||
+ | * ita so | ||
+ | * sic so | ||
+ | * ut as, how | ||
+ | * vix hardly | ||
+ | Interrogative Particles: | ||
+ | * whether: an, -ne, utrum, utrumne, num | ||
+ | * whether not nonne, annon | ||
+ | * whether at all numquid, ecquid | ||
+ | * Negative Particles: | ||
+ | * not only ... but also non modo ... verum/sed etiam | ||
+ | * not only not ... but not even non modo ... sed ne ... quidem | ||
+ | * not even ne ... quidem | ||
+ | * if not si minus | ||
+ | * so as not quo minus, quominus | ||
+ | * why not? quin | ||
- | <p id=" | + | ====Latin in the Code==== |
- | Vulgate - hard to overestimate | + | This chart gives all the words that occur in the Code of Canon Law more than 100 times, |
- | </p> | + | |Times in Code |Latin |
+ | |2139 |in |in |prep with acc or abl | | ||
+ | |1797 |et |and |conj | | ||
+ | |1449 |ad |to |prep + acc | | ||
+ | |1132 |de |of |prep + abl | | ||
+ | |1019 |vel |or |ADV: even, actually; or even, in deed; CONJ or; | | ||
+ | |718 |aut |or |conj | | ||
+ | |682 |si |if |subordinating conj | | ||
+ | |663 |qui |which, that |n.s or n.p pronoun anyone, anything: qui, quae, quod | | ||
+ | |589 |est |is |3s pai | | ||
+ | |586 |non |not| | | ||
+ | |555 |a |from, by |prep, ablative | ||
+ | |549 |ut |to / that |conj + subj | | ||
+ | |536 |quae |which, that |n.s or n.p or acc.p pronoun anyone, anything: qui, quae, quod | | ||
+ | |518 |ab |from, by |prep + abl | | ||
+ | |467 |nisi |unless | ||
+ | |453 |potest | ||
+ | |316 |cum |with; when |prep + abl; or adverb: when | | ||
+ | |314 |per |through, by |prep + acc | | ||
+ | |313 |sit |it would be |3s pas | | ||
+ | |309 |ex |from |prep + abl | | ||
+ | |286 |etiam | ||
+ | |274 |sive |or if, or |conj | | ||
+ | |273 |quibus | ||
+ | |272 |iure |by right |adv | | ||
+ | |268 |normam | ||
+ | |254 |ecclesiae | ||
+ | |253 |sunt |they are |3p pai | | ||
+ | |250 |pro |for |prep + abl | | ||
+ | |239 |quo |which, that |abl.s pronoun anyone, anything: qui, quae, quod | | ||
+ | |233 |atque | ||
+ | |218 |iuris | ||
+ | |215 |episcopus | ||
+ | |211 |quod |which, that |nom/acc.s pronoun anyone, anything: qui, quae, quod | | ||
+ | |179 |loci |place | ||
+ | |177 |causa | ||
+ | |175 |ecclesia | ||
+ | |170 |episcoporum | ||
+ | |169 |debet | ||
+ | |167 |episcopo | ||
+ | |166 |possunt | ||
+ | |161 |tamen | ||
+ | |151 |ius |law |n.s, acc.s | | ||
+ | |150 |episcopi | ||
+ | |147 |iudex | ||
+ | |147 |se |itself | ||
+ | |146 |ne |lest / not |conj + imp / adv | | ||
+ | |143 |qua |which, that |nom/acc.s nom/acc.p pronoun anyone, anything: qui, quae, quod | | ||
+ | |140 |autem | ||
+ | |140 |sint |they would be |3p pas | | ||
+ | |135 |caput | ||
+ | |135 |vitae | ||
+ | |134 |instituti | ||
+ | |128 |necnon | ||
+ | |127 |id |he, she, it, that |pron n.s, acc.s | | ||
+ | |125 |aliud | ||
+ | |116 |eius |he, she, it, that |pron g.s | | ||
+ | |115 |diocesano | ||
+ | |115 |saltem | ||
+ | |114 |ac |and |conj | | ||
+ | |114 |intra | ||
+ | |114 |tantum | ||
+ | |112 |eadem | ||
+ | |112 |vero |truly, really, truth |adv | | ||
+ | |111 |auctoritate | ||
+ | |110 |fuerit | ||
+ | |109 |ipso |himself | ||
+ | |109 |legitime | ||
+ | |108 |dioecesanus | ||
+ | |107 |apostolicae | ||
+ | |105 |dioecesani | ||
+ | |105 |quam |which, that |acc.s pronoun anyone, anything: qui, quae, quod | | ||
+ | |103 |inter | ||
+ | |102 |omnes | ||
+ | |101 |sibi |he, she, it, that |pron dative | ||
- | <ul> | ||
- | <p id=" | + | =====Collins Ecclesiastical Latin===== |
- | Prior to vulgate 4C there were 'old latin versions' | + | |
- | | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | </ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | ===Grammar: Flexi - endings=== | + | |
- | ==Nouns - 5 declensions== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | < | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <p id=" | + | |
- | Gender - puer m, filia f, donum n <p id=" | + | |
- | number- singular or plural puer, pueri < | + | |
- | case- grammatical function in the sentence < | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | </ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | <p id=" | + | |
- | [John buys bread for his mother in the shop. < | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | < | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <p id=" | + | |
- | 1) Verb, 2) nominative, (predicate same cng as subj) 3) accusative 4) dative 5) ablative < | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | </ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | <p id=" | + | |
- | The bread is bought by John < | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | <span id=" | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <div class=" | + | |
- | <table border=" | + | |
- | <tr id=" | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | Nominative</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | subject & predicate < | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | <tr id=" | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | Genitive</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | ' | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | <tr id=" | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | Dative</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | indir. Object ' | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | <tr id=" | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | Accusative</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | dir object. Avis < | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | <tr id=" | + | |
- | <td valign=" | + | |
- | Ablative</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | - more complicated < | + | |
- | Personal agency in passive sentences ' | + | |
- | After certain prepositions ' | + | |
- | Instrumentality or means, ' | + | |
- | specifying the verb</ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | <p id=" | + | |
- | <a href="/ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | <p id=" | + | |
- | Verbs - 4 (5) conjugations < | + | |
- | <div class=" | + | |
- | <table border=" | + | |
- | <tr id=" | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | present</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | sum</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | es</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | est</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | sumus</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | estis</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | sunt</ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | <tr id=" | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | imperfect</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | eram</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | eras</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | erat</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | eramus</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | eratis</ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | erant</ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | </ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | <span id=" | + | |
- | + | ||
- | < | + | |
- | + | ||
- | < | + | |
- | <p id=" | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | <p id=" | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | <p id=" | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | <p id=" | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | < | + | |
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