Book Seven
Processes

Part I. Trials in General

(Cann. 1400 - 1403) English (Cann. 1400 - 1403) Latin

Canon 1400 Object of a Trial

1. The object of a trial is:

   1. the pursuit or vindication of the rights of physical or juridic persons, or the declaration of juridic facts;

   2. the imposition or declaration of a penalty for delicts.

2. Nevertheless, controversies arising from an act of administrative power can be brought only before the superior or an administrative tribunal.

See also canon 221 - the right of each person to vindicate rights. Also #2 presumes guilt, however, the guilt is also a matter for the trial to determine. There is evidence of process in scripture and throughout history. Canon 221 calls for canonical equity epieikeia which mediates between blackletter law and doing justice in a particular case. It's goal is salus animarum c1752, but this is so fluid. Maintaining communion ecclesialis

Canon 1401 Church Adjudication By proper and exclusive right the Church adjudicates:

1. cases which regard spiritual matters or those connected to spiritual matters;

2. the violation of ecclesiastical laws and all those matters in which there is a question of sin, in what pertains to the determination of culpability and the imposition of ecclesiastical penalties.

This could also touch sin. In scripture Jesus gives the power to judge. Church claims bishops are recipients of this power. The goal is to restore the broken communio, i.e. restorative justice. This has natural and supernatnatural dimensions. There is a tension between high spiritual principles and the concrete proceedural norms. All deserve justice, whether they are part of general priesthood or hierarchical priesthood.

Canon 1402 Canons on Tribunals The following canons govern all tribunals of the Church, without prejudice to the norms of the tribunals of the Apostolic See.

Canon 1403 Canonization

1. Special pontifical law governs the causes of canonization of the servants of God.

2. The prescripts of this Code, however, apply to these causes whenever the special pontifical law refers to the universal law, or norms are involved which also affect these causes by the very nature of the matter.

ambivalent terms in process law: remuneratio honesta, posse, gravis causa, gravissima, necessitas, justa causa

Title I. The Competent Forum

(1401-1416) English Latin

Canon 1404 First See The First See is judged by no one. It is derived from an interpretation of divine law. See c331 - supreme full universal and immediate power. It's a struggle because of many problems in history. LG 25, also from CIC17. Also c1372 - can't appeal to council.

Canon 1405 Competence of Roman Pontiff

1. It is solely the right of the Roman Pontiff himself to judge in the cases mentioned in can. 1401:

   1. those who hold the highest civil office of a state;

   2. cardinals;

   3. legates of the Apostolic See and, in penal cases, bishops;

   4. other cases which he has called to his own judgment.

2. A judge cannot review an act or instrument confirmed specifically (in forma specifica) by the Roman Pontiff without his prior mandate.

3. Judgment of the following is reserved to the Roman Rota:

   1. bishops in contentious matters, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1419, §2;

   2. an abbot primate or abbot superior of a monastic congregation and a supreme moderator of religious institutes of pontifical right;

   3. dioceses or other physical or juridic ecclesiastical persons which do not have a superior below the Roman Pontiff.

Canon 1406 Incompetence

1. If the prescript of can. 1404 is violated, the acts and decisions are considered as not to have been placed.

2. In the cases mentioned in can. 1405, the incompetence of other judges is absolute.

Canon 1407 Competence of Judge

1. No one can be brought to trial in first instance except before an ecclesiastical judge who is competent by reason of one of the titles determined in cann. 1408–1414.

2. The incompetence of a judge supported by none of these titles is called relative.

3. The petitioner follows the forum of the respondent. If the respondent has more than one forum, the choice of forum is granted to the petitioner.

Canon 1408 Domicile Anyone can be brought to trial before the tribunal of domicile or quasi-domicile.

Canon 1409 Transients

1. A transient has a forum in the place of his or her actual residence.

2. A person whose domicile, quasi-domicile, and place of residence are unknown can be brought to trial in the forum of the petitioner provided that no other legitimate forum is available.

Canon 1410 Location of an Object By reason of the location of an object, a party can be brought to trial before the tribunal of the place where the object in dispute is located whenever the action is directed against the object or concerns damages.

Canon 1411 Location of Contract

1. By reason of a contract, a party can be brought to trial before the tribunal of the place where the contract was entered into or must be fulfilled unless the parties agree to choose some other tribunal.

2. If the case concerns obligations which originate from another title, a party can be brought to trial before the tribunal of the place where the obligation either originated or must be fulfilled.

Canon 1412 Location of Delict In penal cases the accused, even if absent, can be brought to trial before the tribunal of the place where the delict was committed.

Canon 1413 Location of Administration and Inheritance A party can be brought to trial:

1. in cases which concern administration, before the tribunal of the place where the administration was conducted;

2. in cases which regard inheritances or pious legacies, before the tribunal of the last domicile, quasi-domicile, or place of residence, according to the norm of cann. 1408–1409, of the one whose inheritance or pious legacy is at issue unless it concerns the mere execution of the legacy, which must be examined according to the ordinary norms of competence.

Canon 1414 Joinder of Cases By reason of connection, interconnected cases must be adjudicated by one and the same tribunal in the same process unless a prescript of law prevents this.

Canon 1415 By reason of prevention, if two or more tribunals are equally competent, the right of adjudicating the case belongs to the one which legitimately cited the respondent first.

Canon 1416 The appellate tribunal resolves conflicts of competence between tribunals subject to it; if the tribunals are not subject to the same appellate tribunal, the Apostolic Signatura resolves conflicts of competence.

Title II. Grades and Kinds of Tribunals

(1417 - 1445) English Latin

Canon 1417 Recourse to Apostolic See

1. By reason of the primacy of the Roman Pontiff, any member of the faithful is free to bring or introduce his or her own contentious or penal case to the Holy See for adjudication in any grade of a trial and at any stage of the litigation.

2. Recourse brought to the Apostolic See, however, does not suspend the exercise of jurisdiction by a judge who has already begun to adjudicate a case except in the case of an appeal. For this reason, the judge can prosecute a trial even to the definitive sentence unless the Apostolic See has informed the judge that it has called the case to itself.

Canon 1418 Tribunals to Assist Each Other Any tribunal has the right to call upon the assistance of another tribunal to instruct a case or to communicate acts.

Chapter I. The Tribunal of First Instance

Art. 1. The Judge

English Latin

Canon 1419 Bishop, First Judge

1. In each diocese and for all cases not expressly excepted by law, the judge of first instance is the diocesan bishop, who can exercise judicial power personally or through others according to the following canons.

2. If a case concerns the rights or temporal goods of a juridic person represented by the bishop, the appellate tribunal judges in first instance.

Canon 1420 Judicial Vicar

1. Each diocesan bishop is bound to appoint a Judicial Vicar, or offcialis, with ordinary power to judge, distinct from the vicar general unless the small size of the diocese or the small number of cases suggests otherwise.

2. The JV constitutes one tribunal with the bishop but cannot judge cases which the bishop reserves to himself.

3. The JV can be given assistants who are called adjutant JVs, or vice-officiales.

4. Both the JV and adjutant JVs must be priests, of unimpaired reputation, doctors or at least licensed in canon law, and not less than thirty years of age.

5. When the see is vacant, they do not cease from their function and cannot be removed by the diocesan administrator; when the new bishop arrives, however, they need confirmation.

Canon 1421 Diocesan Judges

1. In a diocese, the bishop is to appoint diocesan judges, who are to be clerics.

2. The conference of bishops can permit lay persons judges; one of three to form a college. Only since 1983. Power linked with ordination

3. Judges of unimpaired reputation and doctors or licensed in canon law.

Canon 1422 Terms The JV, adjutant JVs, and other judges are appointed for a definite time, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1420, §5 and cannot be removed except for a legitimate and grave cause.

Canon 1423 Interdiocesan Tribunal

1. With the approval of the Apostolic See, several diocesan bishops can agree to establish a single tribunal of first instance for their dioceses in place of the diocesan tribunals mentioned in cann. 1419–1421. In this case, the group of bishops or a bishop they designate has all the powers which a diocesan bishop has over his own tribunal.

2. The tribunals mentioned in §1 can be established either for any cases whatsoever or only for certain types of cases.

Canon 1424 Assessors In any trial, a single judge can employ two assessors who consult with him; they are to be clerics or lay persons of upright life.

Canon 1425 Collegiate Tribunal Cases

1. With every contrary custom reprobated, the following cases are reserved to a collegiate tribunal of three judges:

   1. contentious cases: a) concerning the bond of sacred ordination; b) concerning the bond of marriage, without prejudice to the prescripts of cann. 1686 and 1688;

   2. penal cases: a) concerning delicts which can entail the penalty of dismissal from the clerical state; b) concerning the imposition or declaration of an excommunication.

2. The bishop can entrust more difficult cases or those of greater importance to the judgment of three or five judges.

3. Unless the bishop establishes otherwise in individual cases, the JV is to assign the judges in order by turn to adjudicate individual cases.

4. If it happens that a collegiate tribunal cannot be established in the first instance of a trial, the conference of bishops can permit the bishop, for as long as the impossibility continues, to entrust cases to a single clerical judge who is to employ an assessor and auditor where possible.

5. The JV is not to substitute judges once they have been assigned except for a most grave cause expressed in a decree.

Canon 1426 Collegiate Tribunal

1. A collegiate tribunal must proceed collegially and render its sentences by majority vote.

2. The JV or an adjutant JV must preside over a collegiate tribunal insofar as possible.

Canon 1427 Religious Institute Controversies

1. If there is a controversy between religious or houses of the same clerical religious institute of pontifical right, the judge of first instance is the provincial superior unless the constitutions provide otherwise; if it is an autonomous monastery, the local abbot judges in first instance.

2. Without prejudice to a different prescript of the constitutions, if a contentious matter arises between two provinces, the supreme moderator will judge in first instance either personally or through a delegate; if the controversy is between two monasteries, the abbot superior of the monastic congregation will judge in first instance.

3. Finally, if the controversy arises between physical or juridic religious persons of different religious institutes or of the same clerical institute of diocesan right or of the same lay institute, or between a religious and a secular cleric or lay person or a non-religious juridic person, the diocesan tribunal judges in first instance.

Art. 2. Auditors and Relators

English Latin

Canon 1428 Auditor

1. The judge or the president of a collegiate tribunal can designate an auditor, selected either from the judges of the tribunal or from persons the bishop approves for this function, to instruct the case.

2. The bishop can approve for the function of auditor clerics or lay persons outstanding for their good character, prudence, and doctrine.

3. It is for the auditor, according to the mandate of the judge, only to collect the proofs and hand those collected over to the judge. Unless the mandate of the judge prevents it, however, the auditor can in the meantime decide what proofs are to be collected and in what manner if a question may arise about this while the auditor exercises his or her function.

Canon 1429 Ponens / Relator The president of a collegiate tribunal must designate one of the judges of the college as the ponens or relator who is to report about the case at the meeting of the judges and write the sentence. For a just cause the president can substitute another in place of the original relator.

Art. 3. Promotor, Defender, Notary

English Latin

Canon 1430 Promoter A promoter of justice for contentious cases which can endanger the public good and for penal cases to provide for the public good.

Canon 1431 Contentious Cases

1. In contentious cases, it is for the diocesan bishop to judge whether or not the public good can be endangered unless the intervention of the promoter of justice is prescribed by law or is clearly necessary from the nature of the matter.

2. If the promoter of justice has intervened in a previous instance, such intervention is presumed necessary in a further instance.

Canon 1432 Defender A defender of the bond in nullity or dissolution of a marriage or ordination.

Canon 1433 Promoter & Defender Required If the promoter of justice or defender of the bond was not cited in cases which require their presence, the acts are invalid unless they actually took part even if not cited or, after they have inspected the acts, at least were able to fulfill their function before the sentence.

Canon 1434 Unless other provision is expressly made:

1. whenever the law requires the judge to hear either both or one of the parties, the promoter of justice and the defender of the bond must also be heard if they take part in the trial;

2. whenever the request of a party is required in order for the judge to be able to decide something, the request of the promoter of justice or defender of the bond who takes part in the trial has the same force.

Canon 1435 Appointment. Bishop appoints promoter of justice and defender of the bond; clerics or lay doctors or licensed, prudence and zeal for justice.

Canon 1436 Conflicts. §1. One can be promoter and defender, but not in the same case. §2. The promoter and the defender can be appointed for all cases or for individual cases; however, the bishop can remove them for a just cause.

Canon 1437 Notary. §1. A notary takes part and signs. §2. Acts which notaries prepare warrant public trust. In practice notary just signs at the end.

Chapter II. The Tribunal of Second Instance

English Latin

Canon 1438 Appeal Without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1444, §1, n. 1:

1. from the tribunal of a suffragan bishop, appeal is made to the metropolitan tribunal, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1439;

2. in cases tried in first instance before the metropolitan, appeal is made to the tribunal which the metropolitan has designated in a stable manner with the approval of the Apostolic See;

3. for cases tried before a provincial superior, the tribunal of second instance is under the authority of the supreme moderator; for cases tried before the local abbot, the tribunal of second instance is under the authority of the abbot superior of the monastic congregation.

Canon 1439 Appeal from Interdiocesan Tribunal

1. If a single tribunal of first instance has been established for several dioceses according to the norm of can. 1423, the conference of bishops must establish a tribunal of second instance with the approval of the Apostolic See unless the dioceses are all suffragan of the same archdiocese.

2. With the approval of the Apostolic See, a conference of bishops can establish one or more tribunals of second instance in addition to the cases mentioned in §1.

3. Over the tribunals of second instance mentioned in §§1–2, the conference of bishops or the bishop it designates has all the powers which a diocesan bishop has over his own tribunal.

Canon 1440 Incompetence If competence by reason of grade according to the norm of cann. 1438 and 1439 is not observed, the incompetence of the judge is absolute.

Canon 1441 The tribunal of second instance must be established in the same way as the tribunal of first instance. Nevertheless, if a single judge rendered a sentence in the first instance of the trial according to can. 1425, §4, the tribunal of second instance is to proceed collegially.

Chapter III. The Tribunals of the Apostolic See

English Latin

Canon 1442 The Pope is the supreme judge for the entire Catholic world; he gives judicial decisions either personally though himself, through the Ordinary Tribunals of the Apostolic See, or through judges he has delegated.

Canon 1443 The Roman Rota is the ordinary tribunal established by the Roman Pontiff to receive appeals.

Canon 1444

1. The Roman Rota judges:

   1. in second instance, cases which have been adjudicated by the ordinary tribunals of first instance and brought before the Holy See through legitimate appeal;

   2. in third or further instance, cases which the Roman Rota or any other tribunals have already adjudicated unless the matter is a res iudicata.

2. This tribunal also judges in first instance the cases mentioned in can. 1405, §3 and others which the Roman Pontiff, either motu proprio or at the request of the parties, has called to his own tribunal and entrusted to the Roman Rota; unless the rescript entrusting the function provides otherwise, the Rota also judges these cases in second and further instance.

Canon 1445

1. The supreme tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura adjudicates:

   1. complaints of nullity, petitions for restitutio in integrum and other recourses against rotal sentences;

   2. recourses in cases concerning the status of persons which the Roman Rota refused to admit to a new examination;

   3. exceptions of suspicion and other cases against the auditors of the Roman Rota for acts done in the exercise of their function;

2. conflicts of competence mentioned in can. 1416.

3. This tribunal deals with conflicts which have arisen from an act of ecclesiastical administrative power and are brought before it legitimately, with other administrative controversies which the Roman Pontiff or the dicasteries of the Roman Curia bring before it, and with a conflict of competence among these dicasteries.

4. Furthermore it is for this supreme tribunal:

   1. to watch over the correct administration of justice and discipline advocates or procurators if necessary;

   2. to extend the competence of tribunals;

   3. to promote and approve the erection of the tribunals mentioned in cann. 1423 and 1439.

Title III. The Discipline To Be Observed in Tribunals

(1446 - 1475)

Chapter I. The Duty of Judges and Ministers of the Tribunal

English Latin

Canon 1446

1. All the Christian faithful, and especially bishops, are to strive diligently to avoid litigation among the people of God as much as possible, without prejudice to justice, and to resolve litigation peacefully as soon as possible.

2. Whenever the judge perceives some hope of a favorable outcome at the start of litigation or even at any other time, the judge is not to neglect to encourage and assist the parties to collaborate in seeking an equitable solution to the controversy and to indicate to them suitable means to this end, even by using reputable persons for mediation.

3. If the litigation concerns the private good of the parties, the judge is to discern whether the controversy can be concluded advantageously by an agreement or the judgment of arbitrators according to the norm of cann. 1713–1716.

Canon 1447 A person who has taken part in a case as a judge, promoter of justice, defender of the bond, procurator, advocate, witness, or expert cannot later in another instance validly decide the same case as judge or perform the function of assessor.

Canon 1448

1. A judge is not to undertake the adjudication of a case in which the judge is involved by reason of consanguinity or affinity in any degree of the direct line and up to the fourth degree of the collateral line or by reason of trusteeship, guardianship, close acquaintance, great animosity, the making of a profit, or the avoidance of a loss.

2. In these circumstances the promoter of justice, the defender of the bond, the assessor, and the auditor must abstain from their office.

Canon 1449

1. If in the cases mentioned in can. 1448 the judge does not withdraw, a party can lodge an objection against the judge.

2. The JV deals with the objection; if the objection is lodged against him, the bishop who presides over the tribunal deals with it.

3. If the bishop is the judge and the objection is lodged against him, he is to abstain from judging.

4. If the objection is lodged against the promoter of justice, the defender of the bond, or other officials of the tribunal, the president in a collegiate tribunal or the single judge deals with this exception.

Canon 1450 If the objection is accepted, the persons must be changed but not the grade of the trial.

Canon 1451

1. The question of an objection must be decided as promptly as possible (expeditissime) after the parties have been heard as well as the promoter of justice or defender of the bond, if they take part in the trial and are not the ones against whom the objection has been lodged.

2. Acts placed by a judge before an objection is lodged are valid; nevertheless, those acts placed after the objection has been lodged must be rescinded if a party requests it within ten days from the acceptance of the objection.

Canon 1452

1. In a matter which concerns private persons alone, a judge can proceed only at the request of a party. Once a case has been legitimately introduced, however, the judge can and must proceed even ex officio in penal cases and other cases which regard the public good of the Church or the salvation of souls.

2. Furthermore, the judge can supply for the negligence of the parties in furnishing proofs or in lodging exceptions whenever the judge considers it necessary in order to avoid a gravely unjust judgment, without prejudice to the prescripts of can. 1600.

Canon 1453 Without prejudice to justice, judges and tribunals are to take care that all cases are completed as soon as possible and that in a tribunal of first instance they are not prolonged beyond a year and in a tribunal of second instance beyond six months.

Canon 1454 All who constitute a tribunal or assist it must take an oath to carry out their function correctly and faithfully.

Canon 1455

1. Judges and tribunal personnel are always bound to observe secrecy of office in a penal trial, as well as in a contentious trial if the revelation of some procedural act could bring disadvantage to the parties.

2. They are also always bound to observe secrecy concerning the discussion among the judges in a collegiate tribunal before the sentence is passed and concerning the various votes and opinions expressed there, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1609, §4.

3. Whenever the nature of the case or the proofs is such that disclosure of the acts or proofs will endanger the reputation of others, provide opportunity for discord, or give rise to scandal or some other disadvantage, the judge can bind the witnesses, the experts, the parties, and their advocates or procurators by oath to observe secrecy.

Canon 1456 The judge and all officials of the tribunal are prohibited from accepting any gifts on the occasion of their acting in a trial.

Canon 1457

1. The competent authority can punish with fitting penalties, not excluding privation from office, judges who refuse to render a judgment when they are certainly and manifestly competent, who declare themselves competent with no supporting prescript of law and adjudicate and decide cases, who violate the law of secrecy, or who inflict some other damage on the litigants out of malice or grave negligence.

2. The ministers and personnel of a tribunal are subject to these same sanctions if they fail in their office as described above; the judge can also punish all of them.

Chapter II. The Order of Adjudication

English Latin

Canon 1458 Cases are to be adjudicated in the order in which they were presented and inscribed in the register unless one of them requires speedier treatment than the others; this fact must be established through a special decree which gives the substantiating reasons.

Canon 1459

1. Defects which can render the sentence null can be introduced as exceptions at any stage or grade of the trial; the judge can likewise declare them ex officio.

2. In addition to the cases mentioned in §1, dilatory exceptions, especially those which regard the persons and the manner of the trial, must be proposed before the joinder of the issue unless they emerged after the issue was already joined; they must be decided as soon as possible.

Canon 1460

1. If an exception is proposed against the competence of the judge, that judge must deal with the matter.

2. In the case of an exception of relative incompetence, if the judge finds for competence, the decision does not admit of appeal; a complaint of nullity and restitutio in integrum, however, are not prohibited.

3. If the judge finds for incompetence, however, the party who feels injured can appeal to the appellate tribunal within fifteen useful days.

Canon 1461 A judge who becomes aware of being absolutely incompetent at any stage of the case must declare the incompetence.

Canon 1462

1. Exceptions of res iudicata, of agreement, and other peremptory exceptions which are called litis finitae must be proposed and adjudicated before the joinder of the issue. A person who proposes them later must not be rejected but is liable for expenses unless the person proves that the presentation was not delayed maliciously.

2. Other peremptory exceptions are to be proposed during the joinder of the issue and must be treated at the proper time according to the rules for incidental questions.

Canon 1463

1. Counterclaims cannot be proposed validly except within thirty days from the joinder of the issue.

2. They are to be adjudicated, however, along with the original action, that is, in the same grade with it unless it is necessary to adjudicate them separately or the judge considers it more opportune to do so.

Canon 1464 Questions concerning the provision for judicial expenses or a grant of gratuitous legal assistance which had been requested from the very beginning and other such questions as a rule must be dealt with before the joinder of the issue.

Chapter III. Time Limits and Delays

English Latin

Canon 1465

1. Fatalia legis, that is, the time limits established by law for extinguishing rights, cannot be extended nor validly shortened unless the parties request it.

2. Before the judicial or conventional time limits lapse, however, the judge can extend them for a just cause after the parties have been heard or if they request it; the judge, however, can never shorten those limits validly unless the parties agree.

3. Nevertheless, the judge is to take care that such an extension does not overly prolong the litigation.

Canon 1466 When the law in no way establishes time limits for completing procedural acts, the judge must define them after having taken into consideration the nature of each act.

Canon 1467 If the tribunal is closed on the day scheduled for a judicial act, the time limit is extended to the first day following which is not a holiday.

Chapter IV. The Place of the Trial

English Latin

Canon 1468 Insofar as possible, every tribunal is to be in an established location open during stated hours.

Canon 1469

1. A judge expelled by force from his territory or impeded from the exercise of jurisdiction there can exercise jurisdiction and render a sentence outside that territory; the diocesan bishop, however, is to be informed of this.

2. In addition to the case mentioned in §1, for a just cause and after having heard the parties, the judge can also go outside the territory to acquire proofs. This is to be done, however, with the permission of the diocesan bishop of the place where the judge goes and in the location designated by that bishop.

Chapter V. Admission and Acts

Canon 1470

1. Unless particular law provides otherwise, while cases are being heard before the tribunal, only those persons are to be present in court whom the law or the judge has established as necessary to expedite the process.

2. With appropriate penalties, the judge can call to task all those present at a trial who are gravely lacking in the respect and obedience due the tribunal; furthermore, the judge can also suspend advocates and procurators from the exercise of their function in ecclesiastical tribunals.

Canon 1471 If a person to be questioned speaks a language unknown to the judge or the parties, an interpreter designated by the judge and under oath is to be used. The statements, however, are to be put into writing in the original language and a translation added. An interpreter is also to be used if a speech or hearing impaired person must be questioned unless the judge may prefer the person to answer the questions in writing.

Canon 1472

1. The judicial acts, both the acts of the case, that is, those regarding the merit of the question, and the acts of the process, that is, those pertaining to the procedure, must be put in writing.

2. The individual pages of the acts are to be numbered and authenticated.

Canon 1473 Whenever judicial acts require the signature of the parties or witnesses and the party or witness is unable or unwilling to sign, this is to be noted in the acts; the judge and the notary are also to attest that the act was read to the party or the witness verbatim and that the party or the witness was either not able or unwilling to sign.

Canon 1474

1. In the case of an appeal, a copy of the acts authenticated by the attestation of a notary is to be sent to the higher tribunal.

2. If the acts were written in a language unknown to the higher tribunal, they are to be translated into one known to that tribunal, with due precautions taken that the translation is a faithful one.

Canon 1475

1. When the trial has been completed, documents which belong to private persons must be returned; a copy of them, however, is to be retained.

2. Without a mandate of the judge, notaries and the chancellor are forbidden to furnish a copy of the judicial acts and documents acquired in the process.

Title IV. The Parties in a Case

(1476 - 1490)

Chapter I. The Petitioner and the Respondent

English Latin

Canon 1476 Anyone, whether baptized or not, can bring action in a trial; however, a party legitimately summoned must respond.

Canon 1477 Even if the petitioner or respondent has appointed a procurator or advocate, they themselves are nevertheless always bound to be present at the trial according to the prescript of the law or of the judge.

Canon 1478

1. Minors and those who lack the use of reason can stand trial only through their parents, guardians, or curators, without prejudice to the prescript of §3.

2. If the judge thinks that the rights of minors are in conflict with the rights of the parents, guardians, or curators or that the latter cannot adequately protect the rights of the former, then the minors are to stand trial through a guardian or curator appointed by the judge.

3. Nevertheless, in spiritual cases and those connected with spiritual matters, if the minors have attained the use of reason, they can petition and respond without the consent of their parents or guardian. They can do so personally if they have completed their fourteenth year of age; otherwise, they do so through the curator appointed by the judge.

4. Those deprived of the administration of goods and those of diminished mental capacity can stand trial personally only to answer for their own delicts or at the order of the judge; otherwise, they must petition and respond through their curators.

Canon 1479 Whenever a guardian or curator appointed by civil authority is present, the ecclesiastical judge can admit the guardian or curator after having heard, if possible, the diocesan bishop of the person to whom the guardian or curator was given; if the guardian or curator is not present or does not seem admissible, the judge will appoint a guardian or curator for the case.

Canon 1480

1. Juridic persons stand trial through their legitimate representatives.

2. In a case of the lack of or negligence of the representative, however, the ordinary himself can stand trial personally or through another in the name of juridic persons subject to his authority.

Chapter II. Procurators for Litigation and Advocates

English Latin

Canon 1481 Advocate

1. A party can freely appoint an advocate and procurator; except for the cases established in §§2 and 3, however, can go pro se, unless judge says no.

2. In a penal trial, the accused must always have an advocate either appointed personally or assigned by the judge.

3. In a contentious trial which involves minors or in a trial which affects the public good, with the exception of marriage cases, the judge is to appoint ex officio a defender for a party who does not have one.

• `In Canon Law, the Advocate works for the tribunal, contrary to civil practice in the USA.

Canon 1482

1. A person can appoint only one procurator who cannot substitute another unless the procurator has been given the expressed faculty to do so.

2. If a person appoints several procurators for a just cause, however, they are to be designated in such a way that prevention is operative among them.

3. Nevertheless, several advocates can be appointed together.

Canon 1483 The procurator and advocate must have attained the age of majority and be of good reputation; moreover, the advocate must be a Catholic unless the diocesan bishop permits otherwise, a doctor in canon law or otherwise truly expert, and approved by the same bishop.

Canon 1484

1. Before the procurator and advocate undertake their function, they must present an authentic mandate to the tribunal.

2. To prevent the extinction of a right, however, the judge can admit a procurator even if the mandate has not been presented, once a suitable guarantee has been furnished if the case warrants it; the act, however, lacks any force if the procurator does not correctly present the mandate within the peremptory time established by the judge.

Canon 1485 Without a special mandate, a procurator cannot validly renounce an action, an instance, or judicial acts nor come to an agreement, make a bargain, enter into arbitration, or in general do those things for which the law requires a special mandate.

Canon 1486

1. For the removal of a procurator or advocate to take effect, they must be informed; if the issue has already been joined, the judge and the opposing party must also be informed about the removal.

2. After the definitive sentence has been issued, the right and duty to appeal, if the mandating person does not refuse, remains with the procurator.

Canon 1487 For a grave cause, the judge either ex officio or at the request of the party can remove the procurator and the advocate by decree.

Canon 1488

1. Both the procurator and the advocate are forbidden to resolve the litigation by bribery or to make an agreement for an excessive profit or for a share in the object in dispute. If they do so, the agreement is null, and the judge can fine them. Moreover, the bishop who presides over the tribunal can suspend the advocate from office and even remove him or her from the list of advocates if it happens again.

2. Advocates and procurators can be punished in the same way if in deceit of the law they withdraw cases from competent tribunals so that the cases will be decided more favorably by other tribunals.

Canon 1489 Advocates and procurators who betray their office for gifts, promises, or any other reason are to be suspended from the exercise of legal assistance and punished with a fine or other suitable penalties.

Canon 1490 As far as possible, legal representatives are to be appointed in a stable manner in each tribunal, who receive a stipend from the tribunal and are to exercise, especially in marriage cases, the function of advocate or procurator on behalf of parties who wish to select them.

Title V. Actions and Exceptions

(1491 - 1500)

Chapter I. Actions and Exceptions in General

English Latin

Canon 1491 Every right is protected not only by an action but also by an exception unless other provision is expressly made.

Canon 1492

1. Every action is extinguished by prescription according to the norm of law or by some other legitimate means, with the exception of actions concerning the status of persons, which are never extinguished.

2. Without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1462, an exception is always available and is perpetual by its very nature.

Canon 1493 A petitioner can bring a person to trial with several actions at once, either concerning the same or different matters, so long as the actions do not conflict among themselves and do not exceed the competence of the tribunal approached.

Canon 1494

1. The respondent can file a counterclaim against the petitioner before the same judge in the same trial either because of the connection of the case with the principal action or to remove or diminish the claim of the petitioner.

2. A counterclaim to a counterclaim is not allowed.

Canon 1495 The counterclaim must be presented to the judge before whom the first action was filed even if the judge was delegated for only one case or is otherwise relatively incompetent.

Chapter II. Specific Actions and Exceptions

English Latin

Canon 1496

1. A person, who through at least probable arguments has shown a right over something held by another and the threat of damage unless the thing is placed in safekeeping, has the right to obtain its sequestration from the judge.

2. In similar circumstances, a person can obtain an order to restrain another from the exercise of a right.

Canon 1497

1. Sequestration of a thing is also allowed as security for a loan provided that the right of the creditor is sufficiently evident.

2. Sequestration can also be extended to the goods of the debtor which are discovered in the possession of others under any title and to the loans of the debtor.

Canon 1498 Sequestration of a thing and restraint upon the exercise of a right can in no way be decreed if the harm which is feared can be repaired in another way and suitable security for its repair is offered.

Canon 1499 A judge who grants the sequestration of a thing or a restraint upon the exercise of a right can first impose an obligation upon the person to compensate for damages if that person’s right is not proven.

Canon 1500 The prescripts of the civil law of the place where the object whose possession is in question is located are to be observed regarding the nature and force of a possessory action.

Part II. The Contentious Trial

Section I. The Ordinary Contentious Trial

Title I. The Introduction of the Case

(Cann. 1501 - 1512)

Chapter I. The Introductory Libellus of Litigation

English Latin

Canon 1501 A judge cannot adjudicate a case unless the party concerned or the promoter of justice has presented a petition according to the norm of the canons.

Canon 1502 A person who wishes to bring another to trial must present to a competent judge a libellus which sets forth the object of the controversy and requests the services of the judge.

Canon 1503

1. The judge can accept an oral petition whenever the petitioner is impeded from presenting a libellus or the case is easily investigated and of lesser importance.

2. In either case, however, the judge is to order the notary to put the act into writing; the written record must be read to and approved by the petitioner and has all the legal effects of a libellus written by the petitioner.

Canon 1504 The libellus, which introduces litigation, must:

1. express the judge before whom the case is introduced, what is being sought and by whom it is being sought;

2. indicate the right upon which the petitioner bases the case and, at least generally, the facts and proofs which will prove the allegations;

3. be signed by the petitioner or the petitioner’s procurator, indicating the day, month, and year, and the address where the petitioner or procurator lives or where they say they reside for the purpose of receiving the acts;

4. indicate the domicile or quasi-domicile of the respondent.

Canon 1505

1. When a single judge or the president of a collegiate tribunal has seen that the matter is within his competence and the petitioner does not lack legitimate personal standing in the trial, he must accept or reject the libellus as soon as possible by decree.

2. A libellus can be rejected only:

   1. if the judge or tribunal is incompetent;

   2. if without doubt it is evident that the petitioner lacks legitimate personal standing in the trial;

   3. if the prescripts of can. 1504, nn. 1–3 have not been observed;

   4. if it is certainly clear from the libellus itself that the petition lacks any basis and that there is no possibility that any such basis will appear through a process.

3. If the libellus has been rejected because of defects which can be corrected, the petitioner can resubmit a new, correctly prepared libellus to the same judge.

4. A party is always free within ten available days to make recourse with substantiating reasons against the rejection of a libellus either to the appellate tribunal or to the college if the libellus was rejected by the presiding judge; the question of the rejection is to be decided as promptly as possible (expeditissime).

Canon 1506 If within a month from the presentation of the libellus the judge has not issued a decree which accepts or rejects the libellus according to the norm of can. 1505, the interested party can insist that the judge fulfill his function. If the judge takes no action within ten days from the request, then the libellus is to be considered as accepted.

Chapter II. The Citation and Notification of Judicial Acts

English Latin

Canon 1507

1. In the decree which accepts the libellus of the petitioner, the judge or the presiding judge must call the other parties to trial, that is, cite them to the joinder of the issue, establishing whether they must respond in writing or present themselves before the judge to come to agreement about the doubts. If from the written responses the judge perceives it necessary to convene the parties, the judge can establish that by a new decree.

2. If the libellus is considered as accepted according to the norm of can. 1506, the decree of citation to the trial must be issued within twenty days from the request mentioned in that canon.

3. If the litigating parties de facto present themselves before the judge to pursue the case, however, there is no need for a citation, but the notary is to note in the acts that the parties were present for the trial.

Canon 1508

1. The decree of citation to the trial must be communicated immediately to the respondent and at the same time to others who must appear.

2. The libellus which introduces litigation is to be attached to the citation unless for grave causes the judge determines that the libellus must not be made known to the party before that party makes a deposition in the trial.

3. If litigation is introduced against someone who does not have the free exercise of his or her rights or the free administration of the things in dispute, the citation must be communicated, as the case may be, to the guardian, curator, or special procurator, that is, the one who is bound to undertake the trial in the name of that person according to the norm of law.

Canon 1509

1. The notification of citations, decrees, sentences, and other judicial acts must be made through the public postal services or by some other very secure method according to the norms established in particular law.

2. The fact of notification and its method must be evident in the acts.

Canon 1510 A respondent who refuses to accept the document of citation or who prevents its delivery is considered to be legitimately cited.

Canon 1511 If the citation was not communicated legitimately, the acts of the process are null, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1507, §3.

Canon 1512 When the citation has been communicated legitimately or the parties have appeared before the judge to pursue the case:

1. the matter ceases to be res integra;

2. the case becomes proper to the otherwise competent judge or tribunal before which the action was initiated;

3. the jurisdiction of a delegated judge is fixed in such a way that it does not cease when the authority of the one delegating expires;

4. prescription is interrupted unless other provision is made;

5. the litigation begins to be pending; therefore, the principle while litigation is pending, nothing is to be altered immediately takes effect.

Title II. The Joinder of the Issue

(Cann. 1513 - 1516) English Latin

Canon 1513

1. The joinder of the issue (contestatio litis) occurs when the terms of the controversy, derived from the petitions and responses of the parties, are defined through a decree of the judge.

2. The petitions and responses of the parties, besides those in the libellus which introduces the litigation, can be expressed either in a response to the citation or in the oral declarations made before the judge; in more difficult cases, however, the judge must convene the parties to resolve the doubt or doubts which must be answered in the sentence.

3. The decree of the judge must be communicated to the parties; unless they have already agreed to the terms, the parties can make recourse to the judge within ten days in order to change them; a decree of the judge, however, must resolve the question as promptly as possible (expeditissime).

Canon 1514 Once established, the terms of the controversy cannot be changed validly except by a new decree, for a grave cause, at the request of a party, and after the other parties have been heard and their arguments considered.

Canon 1515 After the issue has been joined, the possessor of the property of another ceases to be in good faith; therefore, if the possessor is sentenced to restore the property, the person must also return the profits made from the day of the joinder and repair any damages.

Canon 1516 After the issue has been joined, the judge is to prescribe a suitable time for the parties to present and complete the proofs.

Title III. The Trial of the Litigation

(1517 - 1525) English Latin

Canon 1517 A trial begins with the citation; it ends not only by the pronouncement of a definitive sentence but also by other methods defined by law.

Canon 1518 If the litigating party dies, changes status, or ceases from the office in virtue of which action is taken:

1. if the case has not yet been concluded, the trial is suspended until the heir of the deceased, the successor, or an interested party resumes the litigation;

2. if the case has been concluded, the judge must proceed to the additional acts, after having cited the procurator, if there is one, or otherwise the heir of the deceased or the successor.

Canon 1519

1. If the guardian, curator, or procurator who is necessary according to the norm of can. 1481, §§1 and 3 ceases from that function, the trial is suspended in the meantime.

2. The judge, however, is to appoint another guardian or curator as soon as possible; the judge can appoint a procurator for the litigation if the party has neglected to do so within the brief time period established by the judge.

Canon 1520 If the parties, without any impediment, propose no procedural act for six months, the trial is abated. Particular law can establish other terms of abatement.

Canon 1521 Abatement takes effect by the law itself against all persons, including minors or those equivalent to minors, and must be declared ex officio, without prejudice to the right of seeking indemnity against guardians, curators, administrators, or procurators, who have not proved that they were not negligent.

Canon 1522 Abatement extinguishes the acts of the process but not the acts of the case; indeed these acts can also have force in another trial provided that the case involves the same persons and the same issue; regarding those not party to the case, however, the acts have no force other than that of documents.

Canon 1523 Each litigant is to bear the expenses of the abated trial which that litigant has incurred.

Canon 1524

1. The petitioner can renounce the trial at any stage or grade of the trial; likewise both the petitioner and the respondent can renounce either all or only some of the acts of the process.

2. To renounce a trial, guardians and administrators of juridic persons need the counsel or consent of those whose involvement is required to place acts which exceed the limits of ordinary administration.

3. To be valid, a renunciation must be written and signed by the party or by a procurator of the party who has a special mandate to do so; it must be communicated to the other party, accepted or at least not challenged by that party, and accepted by the judge.

Canon 1525 A renunciation accepted by the judge has the same effects for the acts renounced as the abatement of the trial; it also obliges the renouncing party to pay the expenses for the acts renounced.

Title IV. Proofs

(1526 - 1586) English Latin

Chapter 1: Declarations of the Parties

English Latin

Canon 1526

1. The burden of proof rests upon the person who makes the allegation.

2. The following do not need proof:

   1. matters presumed by the law itself;

   2. facts alleged by one of the contending parties and admitted by the other unless the law or the judge nevertheless requires proof.

Canon 1527

1. Proofs of any kind which seem useful for adjudicating the case and are licit can be brought forward.

2. If a party insists that a proof rejected by a judge be accepted, the judge is to decide the matter as promptly as possible (expeditissime).

Canon 1528 If a party or a witness refuses to appear before the judge to testify, it is permissible to hear them through a lay person designated by the judge or to require of them a declaration either before a notary public or in any other legitimate manner.

Canon 1529 Except for a grave cause, the judge is not to proceed to collect the proofs before the joinder of the issue.

Chapter I. The Declarations of the Parties

Canon 1530 The judge can always question the parties to draw out the truth more effectively and indeed must do so at the request of a party or to prove a fact which the public interest requires to be placed beyond doubt.

Canon 1531

1. A party legitimately questioned must respond and must tell the whole truth.

2. If a party refuses to respond, it is for the judge to decide what can be inferred from that refusal concerning the proof of the facts.

Canon 1532 In cases where the public good is at stake, the judge is to administer an oath to the parties to tell the truth or at least to confirm the truth of what they have said unless a grave cause suggests otherwise; the same can be done in other cases according to the judge’s own prudence.

Canon 1533 The parties, the promoter of justice, and the defender of the bond can present the judge with items about which the party is to be questioned.

Canon 1534 The provisions of cann. 1548, §2, n. 1, 1552, and 1558–1565 concerning witnesses are to be observed to the extent possible when questioning the parties.

Canon 1535 A judicial confession is the written or oral assertion of some fact against oneself before a competent judge by any party concerning the matter of the trial, whether made spontaneously or while being questioned by the judge.

Canon 1536

1. The judicial confession of one party relieves the other parties from the burden of proof if it concerns some private matter and the public good is not at stake.

2. In cases which regard the public good, however, a judicial confession and declarations of the parties which are not confessions can have a probative force which the judge must evaluate together with the other circumstances of the case; the force of full proof cannot be attributed to them, however, unless other elements are present which thoroughly corroborate them.

Canon 1537 After considering all the circumstances, it is for the judge to decide how much value must be accorded an extrajudicial confession introduced into the trial.

Canon 1538 A confession or any other declaration of a party lacks any force if it is shown that it was made due to an error of fact or extorted by force or grave fear.

Chapter II. Proof Through Documents

English Latin

Canon 1539 In any kind of trial, proof by means of both public and private documents is allowed.

Art. 1. The Nature and Trustworthiness of Documents

English Latin

Canon 1540

1. Public ecclesiastical documents are those which a public person has drawn up in the exercise of that person’s function in the Church, after the solemnities prescribed by law have been observed.

2. Public civil documents are those which the laws of each place consider to be such.

3. Other documents are private.

Canon 1541 Unless contrary and evident arguments prove otherwise, public documents are to be trusted concerning everything which they directly and principally affirm.

Canon 1542 A private document, whether acknowledged by a party or approved by the judge, has the same force of proof against the author or signatory and those deriving a case from them as an extrajudicial confession. It has the same force against those who are not parties to the case as declarations of the parties which are not confessions, according to the norm of can. 1536, §2.

Canon 1543 If the documents are shown to have been erased, emended, falsified, or otherwise defective, it is for the judge to decide what value, if any, must be afforded them.

Art. 2. Presentation of Documents

English Latin

Canon 1544 Documents do not have probative force in a trial unless they are originals or authentic copies and deposited at the tribunal chancery so that the judge and the opposing party can examine them.

Canon 1545 The judge can order a document common to both parties to be presented in the process.

Canon 1546

1. Even if documents are common, no one is bound to present those which cannot be communicated without danger of harm according to the norm of can. 1548, §2, n. 2 or without danger of violating an obligation to observe secrecy.

2. Nonetheless, if at least some small part of a document can be transcribed and presented in copy without the above-mentioned disadvantages, the judge can decree that it be produced.

Chapter III. Witnesses and Testimonies

English Latin

Canon 1547 Proof by means of witnesses is allowed under the direction of the judge in cases of any kind.

Canon 1548

1. When the judge questions witnesses legitimately, they must tell the truth.

2. Without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1550, §2, n. 2, the following are exempted from the obligation to respond:

   1. clerics regarding what has been made known to them by reason of sacred ministry; civil officials, physicians, midwives, advocates, notaries, and others bound by professional secrecy even by reason of having given advice, regarding those matters subject to this secrecy;

   2. those who fear that from their own testimony ill repute, dangerous hardships, or other grave evils will befall them, their spouses, or persons related to them by consanguinity or affinity.

Art. 1. Those Who Can Be Witnesses

English Latin

Canon 1549 All persons can be witnesses unless the law expressly excludes them in whole or in part.

Canon 1550

1. Minors below the fourteenth year of age and those of limited mental capacity are not allowed to give testimony; they can, however, be heard by a decree of the judge which declares such a hearing expedient.

2. The following are considered incapable:

   1. the parties in the case or those who stand for the parties at the trial, the judge and the judge’s assistants, the advocate, and others who assist or have assisted the parties in the same case;

   2. priests regarding all matters which they have come to know from sacramental confession even if the penitent seeks their disclosure; moreover, matters heard by anyone and in any way on the occasion of confession cannot be accepted even as an indication of the truth.

Art. 2. The Introduction and Exclusion of Witnesses

English Latin

Canon 1551 The party who has introduced a witness can renounce the examination of that witness; the opposing party, however, can request that the witness be examined nevertheless.

Canon 1552

1. When proof through witnesses is requested, their names and domicile are to be communicated to the tribunal.

2. The items of discussion about which questioning of the witnesses is sought are to be presented within the time period set by the judge; otherwise, the request is to be considered as abandoned.

Canon 1553 It is for the judge to curb an excessive number of witnesses.

Canon 1554 Before the witnesses are examined, their names are to be communicated to the parties; if in the prudent judgment of the judge, however, that cannot be done without grave difficulty, it is to be done at least before the publication of the testimonies.

Canon 1555 Without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1550, a party can request the exclusion of a witness if a just cause for the exclusion is shown before the questioning of the witness.

Canon 1556 The citation of a witness occurs through a decree of the judge legitimately communicated to the witness.

Canon 1557 A witness who has been cited properly is to appear or to inform the judge of the reason for the absence.

Art. 3. The Examination of Witnesses

English Latin

Canon 1558

1. Witnesses must be examined at the tribunal unless the judge deems otherwise.

2. Cardinals, patriarchs, bishops, and those who possess a similar favor by civil law are to be heard in the place they select.

3. The judge is to decide where to hear those for whom it is impossible or difficult to come to the tribunal because of distance, sickness, or some impediment, without prejudice to the prescripts of cann. 1418 and 1469, §2.

Canon 1559 The parties cannot be present at the examination of the witnesses unless the judge has decided to admit them, especially when the matter concerns a private good. Their advocates or procurators, however, can be present unless the judge has decided that the examination must proceed in secret due to the circumstances of the matters and persons.

Canon 1560

1. Each witness must be examined separately.

2. If witnesses disagree among themselves or with a party in a grave matter, the judge, after having removed discord and scandal insofar as possible, can have those who disagree meet together or confront one another.

Canon 1561 The judge, the judge’s delegate, or an auditor examines the witness; the examiner must have the assistance of a notary. Consequently, if the parties, the promoter of justice, the defender of the bond, or the advocates present at the examination have any questions to be put to the witness, they are to propose them not to the witness but to the judge or the one who takes the place of the judge, who is to ask the questions, unless particular law provides otherwise.

Canon 1562

1. The judge is to call to the attention of the witness the grave obligation to speak the whole truth and only the truth.

2. The judge is to administer an oath to the witness according to can. 1532; a witness who refuses to take it, however, is to be heard without the oath.

Canon 1563 The judge is first of all to establish the identity of the witness, then ask what relationship the witness has with the parties, and, when addressing specific questions to the witness concerning the case, also inquire about the sources of his or her knowledge and the precise time when the witness learned what he or she asserts.

Canon 1564 The questions are to be brief, accommodated to the mental capacity of the person being questioned, not comprised of several points at the same time, not deceitful or deceptive or suggestive of a response, free from any kind of offense, and pertinent to the case being tried.

Canon 1565

1. Questions must not be communicated to the witnesses beforehand.

2. Nonetheless, if the matters about which testimony must be given are so remote to memory that they cannot be affirmed with certainty unless previously recalled, the judge can advise the witness beforehand on some matters if the judge thinks this can be done without danger.

Canon 1566 Witnesses are to give testimony orally and are not to read written materials unless they are computations and accounts; in this case, they can consult the notes which they brought with them.

Canon 1567

1. The notary is to write down the response immediately and must report the exact words of the testimony given, at least in what pertains to those points which touch directly upon the material of the trial.

2. The use of a tape recorder can be allowed, provided that the responses are afterwards transcribed and, if possible, signed by the deponents.

Canon 1568 The notary is to make mention in the acts of whether the oath was taken, excused, or refused, of the presence of the parties and other persons, of the questions added ex officio, and in general of everything worth remembering which may have occurred while the witnesses were being examined.

Canon 1569

1. At the end of the examination, what the notary has written down from the deposition must be read to the witness, or what has been recorded with the tape recorder during the deposition must be played, giving the witness the opportunity to add, suppress, correct, or change it.

2. Finally, the witness, the judge, and the notary must sign the acts.

Canon 1570 Although already examined, witnesses can be recalled for examination before the acts or testimonies are published, either at the request of a party or ex officio, if the judge decides it is necessary or useful, provided that there is no danger of collusion or corruption.

Canon 1571 Both the expenses which the witnesses incurred and the income which they lost by giving testimony must be reimbursed to them according to the just assessment of the judge.

Art. 4. The Trustworthiness of Testimonies

English Latin

Canon 1572 In evaluating testimony, the judge, after having requested testimonial letters if necessary, is to consider the following:

1. what the condition or reputation of the person is;

2. whether the testimony derives from personal knowledge, especially from what has been seen or heard personally, or whether from opinion, rumor, or hearsay;

3. whether the witness is reliable and firmly consistent or inconsistent, uncertain, or vacillating;

4. whether the witness has co-witnesses to the testimony or is supported or not by other elements of proof.

Canon 1573 The testimony of one witness cannot produce full proof unless it concerns a qualified witness making a deposition concerning matters done ex officio, or unless the circumstances of things and persons suggest otherwise.

Chapter IV. Experts

English Latin

Canon 1574 The assistance of experts must be used whenever the prescript of a law or of the judge requires their examination and opinion based on the precepts of art or science in order to establish some fact or to discern the true nature of some matter.

Canon 1575 After having heard the parties and their suggestions, it is for the judge to appoint the experts or, if the case warrants, to accept reports already drawn up by other experts.

Canon 1576 Experts are excluded or can be objected to for the same reasons as a witness.

Canon 1577

1. Attentive to what the litigants may bring forward, the judge is to determine in a decree the individual items upon which the services of the expert must focus.

2. The acts of the case and other documents and aids which the expert can need to fulfill his or her function correctly and faithfully must be turned over to the expert.

3. After having heard the expert, the judge is to determine the time within which the expert must complete the examination and produce the report.

Canon 1578

1. Each of the experts is to prepare a report separate from the others unless the judge decrees that one report signed by the experts individually be drawn up; if this is done, differences of opinion, if there are any, are to be noted carefully.

2. Experts must indicate clearly by what documents or other suitable means they gained certainty of the identity of the persons, things, or places, by what manner and method they proceeded in fulfilling the function entrusted to them, and above all on which arguments they based their conclusions.

3. The judge can summon the expert to supply explanations which later seem necessary.

Canon 1579

1. The judge is to weigh carefully not only the conclusions of the experts, even if they are in agreement, but also the other circumstances of the case.

2. When giving reasons for the decision, the judge must express what considerations prompted him or her to accept or reject the conclusions of the experts.

Canon 1580 The judge must justly and equitably determine the expenses and fees to be paid to the experts, with due regard for particular law.

Canon 1581

1. The parties can designate private experts whom the judge must approve.

2. If the judge allows them, the private experts can inspect the acts of the case insofar as necessary and attend the presentation of the expert testimony; moreover, they can always present their own report.

Chapter V. Judicial Examination and Inspection

English Latin

Canon 1582 If, in order to decide a case, the judge considers it opportune to visit some place or to inspect some thing, the judge, after having heard the parties, is to order it by a decree describing in summary fashion those things which must be exhibited during the visit or inspection.

Canon 1583 When the visit or inspection has been completed, a report about it is to be drafted.

Chapter VI. Presumptions

English Latin

Canon 1584 A presumption is a probable conjecture about an uncertain matter; a presumption of law is one which the law itself establishes; a human presumption is one which a judge formulates.

Canon 1585 A person who has a favorable presumption of law is freed from the burden of proof, which then falls to the other party.

Canon 1586 The judge is not to formulate presumptions which are not established by law unless they are directly based on a certain and determined fact connected with the matter in dispute.

Title V. Incidental Cases

(1587 - 1597) English Latin

Canon 1587 An incidental case arises whenever, after the trial has begun through the citation, a question is proposed which nevertheless pertains to the case in such a way that it frequently must be resolved before the principal question, even if it was not expressly contained in the libellus which introduced the litigation.

Canon 1588 An incidental case is proposed in writing or orally before the judge competent to decide the principal case, indicating the connection between this and the principal case.

Canon 1589

1. After having received the petition and heard the parties, the judge is to decide as promptly as possible (expeditissime) whether the proposed incidental question seems to have a foundation and a connection with the principal trial or rather must be rejected at the outset. If the judge admits the incidental question, the judge is to decide whether it is of such gravity that it must be resolved by an interlocutory sentence or by a decree.

2. If the judge decides not to resolve the incidental question before the definitive sentence, however, the judge is to decree that the question will be considered when the principal case is decided.

Canon 1590

1. If the incidental question must be resolved by sentence, the norms for the oral contentious process are to be observed unless the judge decides otherwise due to the gravity of the matter.

2. If the matter must be resolved by decree, however, the tribunal can entrust the matter to an auditor or the presiding judge.

Canon 1591 Before the principal case is completed, the judge or the tribunal can revoke or reform the decree or interlocutory sentence for a just reason either at the request of a party or ex officio after the parties have been heard.

Chapter I. Parties Who Do Not Appear

English Latin

Canon 1592

1. If the cited respondent has neither appeared nor given a suitable excuse for being absent or has not responded according to the norm of can. 1507, §1, the judge, having observed what is required, is to declare the respondent absent from the trial and decree that the case is to proceed to the definitive sentence and its execution.

2. Before issuing the decree mentioned in §1, the judge must be certain that a legitimately executed citation has reached the respondent within the useful time, even by issuing a new citation if necessary.

Canon 1593

1. If the respondent appears at the trial later or responds before a decision in the case, the respondent can offer conclusions and proofs, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1600; the judge, however, is to take care that the trial is not prolonged intentionally through longer and unnecessary delays.

2. Even if the respondent did not appear or respond before a decision in the case, the respondent can use challenges against the sentence; if the respondent proves that there was a legitimate impediment for being detained and there was no personal fault in its not being made known beforehand, the respondent can use a complaint of nullity.

Canon 1594 If the petitioner has not appeared on the day and at the hour prescribed for the joinder of the issue and has not offered a suitable excuse:

1. the judge is to cite the petitioner again;

2. if the petitioner does not comply with the new citation, the petitioner is presumed to have renounced the trial according to the norm of cann. 1524–1525;

3. if the petitioner later wishes to intervene in the process, can. 1593 is to be observed.

Canon 1595

1. A petitioner or respondent who is absent from the trial and has not given proof of a just impediment is obliged both to pay the expenses of the litigation which have accrued because of the absence and to indemnify the other party if necessary.

2. If both the petitioner and the respondent were absent from the trial, they are obliged in solidum to pay the expenses of the litigation.

Chapter II. Third Party Intervention

English Latin

Canon 1596

1. A person who has an interest can be admitted to intervene in a case at any instance of the litigation, either as a party defending a right or in an accessory manner to help a litigant.

2. To be admitted, the person must present a libellus to the judge before the conclusion of the case; in the libellus the person briefly is to demonstrate his or her right to intervene.

3. A person who intervenes in a case must be admitted at that stage which the case has reached, with a brief and peremptory period of time assigned to the person to present proofs if the case has reached the probatory period.

Canon 1597 After having heard the parties, the judge must summon to the trial a third person whose intervention seems necessary.

Title VI. Publication, Conclusion and Pleadings

(Cann. 1598 - 1606) English Latin

Canon 1598

1. After the proofs have been collected, the judge by a decree must permit the parties and their advocates, under penalty of nullity, to inspect at the tribunal chancery the acts not yet known to them; furthermore, a copy of the acts can also be given to advocates who request one. In cases pertaining to the public good to avoid a most grave danger the judge can decree that a specific act must be shown to no one; the judge is to take care, however, that the right of defense always remains intact.

2. To complete the proofs, the parties can propose additional proofs to the judge. When these proofs have been collected, it is again an occasion for the decree mentioned in §1 if the judge thinks it necessary.

Canon 1599

1. When everything pertaining to the production of proofs has been completed, the conclusion of the case is reached.

2. This conclusion occurs whenever the parties declare that they have nothing else to add, the useful time prescribed by the judge to propose proofs has elapsed, or the judge declares that the case is instructed sufficiently.

3. The judge is to issue a decree that the case has reached its conclusion, in whatever manner it has occurred.

Canon 1600

1. After the conclusion of the case, the judge can still summon the same or other witnesses or arrange for other proofs which were not requested earlier, only:

   1. in cases which concern the private good of the parties alone, if all the parties consent;

   2. in other cases, after the parties have been heard and provided that there is a grave reason and any danger of fraud or subornation is eliminated;

   3. in all cases whenever it is likely that the sentence will be unjust because of the reasons mentioned in can. 1645, §2, nn. 1–3 unless the new proof is allowed.

2. The judge, moreover, can order or allow a document to be shown, which may have been unable to be shown earlier through no negligence of the interested person.

3. New proofs are to be published according to can. 1598, §1.

Canon 1601 After the conclusion of the case, the judge is to determine a suitable period of time to present defense briefs or observations.

Canon 1602

1. The defense briefs and the observations are to be written unless the judge, with the consent of the parties, considers a debate before a session of the tribunal to be sufficient.

2. To print the defense briefs along with the principal documents requires the previous permission of the judge, without prejudice to the obligation of secrecy, if such exists.

3. The regulations of the tribunal are to be observed regarding the length of the defense briefs, the number of copies, and other matters of this kind.

Canon 1603

1. When the defense briefs and observations have been communicated to each party, either party is permitted to present responses within the brief time period established by the judge.

2. The parties are given this right only once unless the judge decides that it must be granted a second time for a grave cause; then, however, the grant made to one party is considered as given to the other also.

3. The promoter of justice and the defender of the bond have the right to reply a second time to the responses of the parties.

Canon 1604

1. It is absolutely forbidden for information given to the judge by the parties, advocates, or even other persons to remain outside the acts of the case.

2. If the discussion of the case has been done in writing, the judge can order a moderate oral debate to be held before a session of the tribunal in order to explain certain questions.

Canon 1605 A notary is to be present at the oral debate mentioned in cann. 1602, §1 and 1604, §2 so that, if the judge orders it or a party requests it and the judge consents, the notary can immediately report in writing about what was discussed and concluded.

Canon 1606 If the parties have neglected to prepare a defense brief within the time available to them or have entrusted themselves to the knowledge and conscience of the judge, and if from the acts and proofs the judge considers the matter fully examined, the judge can pronounce the sentence immediately, after having requested the observations of the promoter of justice and the defender of the bond if they are involved in the trial.

Title VII. The Pronouncements of the Judge

(1607 - 1618) English Latin

Canon 1607 When a case has been handled in a judicial manner, if it is the principal case, the judge decides it through the definitive sentence; if an incidental case, through an interlocutory sentence, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1589, §1.

Canon 1608

1. For the pronouncement of any sentence, the judge must have moral certitude about the matter to be decided by the sentence.

2. The judge must derive this certitude from the acts and the proofs.

3. The judge, however, must appraise the proofs according to the judge’s own conscience, without prejudice to the prescripts of law concerning the efficacy of certain proofs.

4. A judge who was not able to arrive at this certitude is to pronounce that the right of the petitioner is not established and is to dismiss the respondent as absolved, unless it concerns a case which has the favor of law, in which case the judge must pronounce for that.

Canon 1609

1. In a collegiate tribunal the president of the college is to establish the date and time when the judges are to convene for deliberation; unless a special reason suggests otherwise, the meeting is to be held at the tribunal office.

2. On the date assigned for the meeting, the individual judges are to submit their written conclusions on the merit of the case with the reasons in law and in fact which led them to their conclusions; these conclusions are to be added to the acts of the case and must be kept secret.

3. After the invocation of the Divine Name, the individual judges are to present their conclusions in order of precedence, always beginning, however, with the ponens or relator of the case. A discussion then follows under the leadership of the tribunal president, especially to determine what must be established in the dispositive part of the sentence.

4. In the discussion each judge is permitted to withdraw from his or her original conclusion. The judge who is unwilling to assent to the decision of the others, however, can demand that his or her conclusions be transmitted to the higher tribunal if an appeal is made.

5. If the judges are unwilling or unable to arrive at a sentence during the first discussion, the decision can be deferred to a new meeting, but not for more than a week, unless the instruction of the case must be completed according to the norm of can. 1600.

Canon 1610

1. If there is only one judge, he will write the sentence himself.

2. In a collegiate tribunal, it is for the ponens or relator to write the sentence, selecting the reasons from those the individual judges brought forth during the discussion, unless a majority of the judges have already determined the reasons to be presented. The sentence must then be submitted for the approval of the individual judges.

3. The sentence must be issued no more than a month from the day on which the case was decided unless in a collegiate tribunal the judges set a longer period for a grave reason.

Canon 1611 The sentence must:

1. decide the controversy deliberated before the tribunal with an appropriate response given to the individual doubts;

2. determine what obligations have arisen for the parties from the trial and how they must be fulfilled;

3. set forth the reasons or motives in law and in fact on which the dispositive part of the sentence is based;

4. determine the expenses of the litigation.

Canon 1612

1. After the invocation of the Divine Name, the sentence must express in order the judge or the tribunal, the petitioner, the respondent, and the procurator, with their names and domiciles correctly designated, and the promoter of justice and defender of the bond if they took part in the trial.

2. Next, it must briefly relate the facts together with the conclusions of the parties and the formula of the doubts.

3. The dispositive part of the sentence follows the above, preceded by the reasons on which it is based.

4. It is to conclude with the indication of the date and the place where it was rendered, with the signature of the judge or, if it is a collegiate tribunal, of all the judges, and the notary.

Canon 1613 The rules proposed above for a definitive sentence are to be adapted for an interlocutory sentence.

Canon 1614 The sentence is to be published as soon as possible, with an indication of the means by which it can be challenged. It has no force before publication even if the dispositive part was made known to the parties with the permission of the judge.

Canon 1615 Publication or communication of the sentence can be done either by giving a copy of the sentence to the parties or their procurators or by sending them a copy according to the norm of can. 1509.

Canon 1616

1. If in the text of the sentence an error in calculations turns up, a material error occurs in transcribing the dispositive section or in relating the facts or the petitions of the parties, or the requirements of can. 1612, §4 are omitted, the tribunal which rendered the sentence must correct or complete it either at the request of a party or ex officio, but always after the parties have been heard and a decree appended to the bottom of the sentence.

2. If any party objects, the incidental question is to be decided by a decree.

Canon 1617 Other pronouncements of the judge besides the sentence are decrees, which have no force if they are not merely procedural unless they express the reasons at least in a summary fashion or refer to reasons expressed in another act.

Canon 1618 An interlocutory sentence or a decree has the force of a definitive sentence if it prevents a trial or puts an end to a trial or some grade of a trial with respect to at least some party in the case.

Title VIII. Challenge of the Sentence

(1619 - 1640)

Chapter I. Complaint of Nullity against the Sentence

English Latin

Canon 1619 Without prejudice to cann. 1622 and 1623, whenever a case involves the good of private persons, the sentence itself sanates the nullities of acts established by positive law which were not declared to the judge before the sentence even though they were known to the party proposing the complaint.

Canon 1620 A sentence suffers from the defect of irremediable nullity if:

1. it was rendered by an absolutely incompetent judge;

2. it was rendered by a person who lacks the power of judging in the tribunal in which the case was decided;

3. a judge rendered a sentence coerced by force or grave fear;

4. the trial took place without the judicial petition mentioned in can. 1501 or was not instituted against some respondent;

5. it was rendered between parties, at least one of whom did not have standing in the trial;

6. someone acted in the name of another without a legitimate mandate;

7. the right of defense was denied to one or the other party;

8. it did not decide the controversy even partially.

Canon 1621 The complaint of nullity mentioned in can. 1620 can be proposed by way of exception in perpetuity and also by way of action before the judge who rendered the sentence within ten years from the date of the publication of the sentence.

Canon 1622 A sentence suffers from the defect of remediable nullity only if:

1. it was rendered by an illegitimate number of judges contrary to the prescript of can. 1425, §1;

2. it does not contain the motives or reasons for the decision;

3. it lacks the signatures prescribed by law;

4. it does not indicate the year, month, day, and place in which it was rendered;

5. it is based on a null judicial act whose nullity was not sanated according to the norm of can. 1619;

6. it was rendered against a party legitimately absent according to can. 1593, §2.

Canon 1623 A complaint of nullity in the cases mentioned in can. 1622 can be proposed within three months from the notice of the publication of the sentence.

Canon 1624 The judge who rendered the sentence deals with the complaint of nullity. If the party fears that the judge who rendered the sentence challenged by the complaint of nullity is prejudiced and therefore considers the judge suspect, the party can demand that another judge be substituted according to the norm of can. 1450.

Canon 1625 A complaint of nullity can be proposed together with an appeal within the time established for an appeal.

Canon 1626

1. Not only the parties who consider themselves aggrieved can introduce a complaint of nullity but also the promoter of justice and the defender of the bond whenever they have the right to intervene.

2. The judge can retract or emend ex officio a null sentence, which that judge has rendered, within the time limit for acting established by can. 1623 unless an appeal together with a complaint of nullity has been introduced in the meantime or the nullity has been sanated through the expiration of the time limit mentioned in can. 1623.

Canon 1627 Cases concerning a complaint of nullity can be treated according to the norms for the oral contentious process.

Chapter II. Appeal

English Latin

Canon 1628 A party who considers himself or herself aggrieved by any sentence as well as the promoter of justice and the defender of the bond in cases which require their presence have the right to appeal the sentence to a higher judge, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1629.

Canon 1629 There is no appeal:

1. from a sentence of the Supreme Pontiff himself or the Apostolic Signatura;

2. from a sentence tainted by a defect of nullity, unless the appeal is joined with a complaint of nullity according to the norm of can. 1625;

3. from a sentence which has become a res iudicata;

4. from a decree of a judge or from an interlocutory sentence which does not have the force of a definitive sentence, unless it is joined with an appeal from a definitive sentence;

5. from a sentence or a decree in a case where the law requires the matter to be decided as promptly as possible (expeditissime).

Canon 1630

1. An appeal must be introduced before the judge who rendered the sentence within the peremptory period of fifteen useful days from the notice of the publication of the sentence.

2. If an appeal is made orally, the notary is to put it in writing in the presence of the appellant.

Canon 1631 If a question arises about the right to appeal, the appellate tribunal deals with it as promptly as possible (expeditissime) according to the norms of the oral contentious process.

Canon 1632

1. If the appeal does not indicate the tribunal to which it is directed, it is presumed to be made to the tribunal mentioned in cann. 1438 and 1439.

2. If the other party has appealed to another appellate tribunal, the tribunal of higher grade deals with the case, without prejudice to can. 1415.

Canon 1633 An appeal must be pursued before the appellate judge within a month from its introduction unless the judge from whom appeal is made has established a longer period for a party to pursue it.

Canon 1634

1. To pursue an appeal it is required and suffices that a party calls upon the services of a higher judge for an emendation of the challenged sentence, attaches a copy of this sentence, and indicates the reasons for the appeal.

2. If a party cannot obtain a copy of the challenged sentence from the tribunal from which appeal is made within the useful time, the time limits do not run in the meantime; the impediment must be made known to the appellate judge who is to bind the judge from whom appeal is made by a precept to fulfill that judge’s duty as soon as possible.

3. Meanwhile the judge from whom appeal is made must transmit the acts to the appellate judge according to the norm of can. 1474.

Canon 1635 Once the deadline for appeal has passed without action either before the judge from whom the appeal is made or before the appellate judge, the appeal is considered abandoned.

Canon 1636

1. The appellant can renounce the appeal with the effects mentioned in can. 1525.

2. If the defender of the bond or the promoter of justice has introduced the appeal, the defender of the bond or the promoter of justice of the appellate tribunal can renounce it, unless the law provides otherwise.

Canon 1637

1. An appeal made by the petitioner also benefits the respondent and vice versa.

2. If there are several respondents or petitioners and the sentence is challenged by only one or against only one of them, the challenge is considered to be made by all of them and against all of them whenever the matter sought is indivisible or a joint obligation.

3. If one party introduces an appeal against one ground of the sentence, the other party can appeal incidentally against other grounds within the peremptory period of fifteen days from the day on which the original appeal was made known to the latter, even if the deadline for an appeal has passed.

4. Unless it is otherwise evident, an appeal is presumed to be made against all the grounds of a sentence.

Canon 1638 An appeal suspends the execution of the sentence.

Canon 1639

1. Without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1683, a new cause for petitioning cannot be admitted at the appellate grade, not even by way of useful accumulation; consequently, the joinder of the issue can only address whether the prior sentence is to be confirmed or revised either totally or partially.

2. New proofs, however, are admitted only according to the norm of can. 1600.

Canon 1640 The appellate grade must proceed in the same manner as first instance with appropriate adjustments; immediately after the issue has been joined according to the norm of can. 1513, §1 and can. 1639, §1 and unless the proofs possibly must be completed, the discussion of the case is to take place and the sentence rendered.

Title IX. Res Iudicata and Restitutio in Integrum

(1641 - 1648)

Chapter I. Res iudicata

English Latin

Canon 1641 Situations. Without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1643, a res iudicata occurs: 1º if a second concordant sentence is rendered between the same parties over the same issue and on the same cause for petitioning; 2º if time for appeal lapses; 3º if appeal fails; 4º if there is no appeal, see canon. 1629.

Canon 1642 Stability of Law.

1. A res iudicata possesses the stability of law, see canon 1645, §1. §2. It establishes the rights between the parties and permits an action for execution and prevents a new introduction of the same case.

Canon 1643 Status of persons. Cases concerning the status of persons, including marriage nullity, never become res iudicata. Exception is interpreted strictly. Includes ordination and profession. Some say penal actions are concern status of persons.

Canon 1644 New Case

1. If a second concordant sentence has been rendered in a case oncerning the status of persons, recourse can be made at any time to the appellate tribunal if new and grave proofs or arguments are brought forward within the peremptory time limit of thirty days from the proposed challenge. Within a month from when the new proofs and arguments are brought forward, however, the appellate tribunal must establish by decree whether a new presentation of the case must be admitted or not.

2. Recourse to a higher tribunal in order to obtain a new presentation of the case does not suspend the execution of the sentence unless either the law provides otherwise or the appellate tribunal orders its suspension according to the norm of can. 1650, §3.

Chapter II. Restitutio in integrum

English Latin Conplete Reinstatement

Canon 1645

1. Restitutio in integrum is granted against a sentence which has become res iudicata provided that its injustice is clearly established.

2. Injustice, however, is not considered to be established clearly unless:

1º the sentence is based on proofs which afterwards are discovered to be false in such a way that without those proofs the dispositive part of the sentence is not sustained; 2º documents have been revealed afterwards which undoubtedly prove new facts and demand a contrary decision; 3º the sentence was rendered due to the malice of one party resulting in harm to the other party;

1. a prescript of the law which is not merely procedural was clearly neglected;

2. the sentence is contrary to a previous decision which has become res iudicata.

Canon 1646

1. Restitutio in integrum for the reasons mentioned in can. 1645, §2, nn. 1–3 must be sought from the judge who rendered the sentence within three months computed from the day the person became aware of these same reasons.

2. Restitutio in integrum for the reasons mentioned in can. 1645 §2, nn. 4 and 5 must be sought from the appellate tribunal within three months from the notice of the publication of the sentence; if in the case mentioned in can. 1645, §2, n. 5 notice of the previous decision occurs later, however, the time limit runs from this notice.

3. The time limits mentioned above do not run as long as the injured person is a minor.

Canon 1647

1. The petition for restitutio in integrum suspends the execution of a sentence if execution has not yet begun.

2. If from probable indications there is a suspicion that a petition has been made in order to delay the execution, however, the judge can decree execution of the sentence, though with suitable guarantees to the one seeking the restitutio that there will be indemnity if the restitutio in integrum is granted.

Canon 1648 If restitutio in integrum is granted, the judge must pronounce on the merits of the case.

Title X. Judicial Expenses and Gratuitous Legal Assistance

(Canon 1649) English Latin

Canon 1649

1. The bishop who directs the tribunal is to establish norms concerning:

   1. the requirement of the parties to pay or compensate judicial expenses;

   2. the fees for the procurators, advocates, experts, and interpreters and the indemnity for the witnesses;

   3. the grant of gratuitous legal assistance or reduction of the expenses;

   4. the recovery of damages owed by a person who not only lost the trial but also entered into the litigation rashly;

   5. the deposit of money or the provision furnished for the payment of expenses and recovery of damages.

2. There is no separate appeal from the determination of expenses, fees, and recovery of damages, but the party can make recourse within fifteen days to the same judge who can adjust the assessment.

Title XI. Execution of the Judgment

(1650 - 1655) English Latin

Canon 1650

1. A sentence that has become a res iudicata can be executed, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1647.

2. The judge who rendered the sentence and, if an appeal has been proposed, also the appellate judge can order ex officio or at the request of a party a provisional execution of a sentence which has not yet become res iudicata, after having set suitable guarantees, if the case warrants, for provisions or payments ordered for necessary support; they can also do so if some other just cause urges it.

3. If the sentence mentioned in §2 is challenged, the judge who must investigate the challenge can suspend the execution or subject it to a guarantee if the judge sees that the challenge is probably well founded and irreparable damage can arise from execution.

Canon 1651 Execution cannot occur prior to the executory decree of the judge which declares that the sentence must be executed. This decree is to be included in the text of the sentence or issued separately according to the particular nature of the cases.

Canon 1652 If the execution of a sentence requires a prior rendering of accounts, it is an incidental question which the same judge who rendered the sentence ordering the execution must decide.

Canon 1653

1. Unless particular law establishes otherwise, the bishop of the diocese in which the sentence was rendered in the first grade must execute the sentence personally or through another.

2. If he refuses or neglects to do this, the execution of the sentence, either at the request of an interested party or even ex officio, pertains to the authority to whom the appellate tribunal is subject according to the norm of can. 1439, §3.

3. Among religious the execution of the sentence pertains to the superior who rendered the sentence to be executed or the superior who delegated the judge.

Canon 1654

1. Unless the text of the sentence leaves it to the judgment of the executor, the executor must execute the sentence according to the obvious sense of the words.

2. The executor is permitted to deal with exceptions concerning the manner and force of the execution but not concerning the merit of the case. If it is discovered from another source that the sentence is null or manifestly unjust according to the norm of cann. 1620, 1622, and 1645, the executor is to refrain from executing it and, after having informed the parties, is to refer the matter to the tribunal which rendered the sentence.

Canon 1655

1. In real actions, whenever the petitioner is awarded something, it must be handed over to the petitioner as soon as there is a res iudicata.

2. In personal actions, when the guilty party is condemned to furnish a movable thing, to pay money, or to give or do something else, the judge in the text of the sentence or the executor according to his or her judgment and prudence is to establish a time limit to fulfill the obligation; this time limit, however, is not to be less than fifteen days nor more than six months.

Section II. The Oral Contentious Process (1656 - 1670) English Latin

Canon 1656

1. All cases not excluded by law can be treated in the oral contentious process mentioned in this section unless a party requests the ordinary contentious process.

2. If the oral process is used outside of the cases permitted in law, the judicial acts are null.

Canon 1657 The oral contentious process takes place in the first grade before a single judge according to the norm of can. 1424.

Canon 1658

1. In addition to the things enumerated in can. 1504, the libellus which introduces the litigation must:

2. set forth briefly, completely, and clearly the facts on which the requests of the petitioner are based;

3. indicate the proofs by which the petitioner intends to demonstrate the facts but which cannot be presented at once, in such a way that the judge can collect them immediately.

4. The documents on which the petition is based must be attached to the libellus, at least in an authentic copy.

Canon 1659

1. If the attempt at reconciliation according to the norm of can. 1446, §2 proved useless and the judge thinks that the libellus has some foundation, the judge is to order within three days by a decree appended to the bottom of the libellus that a copy of the petition be communicated to the respondent, giving to the latter the opportunity to send a written response to the tribunal chancery within fifteen days.

2. This notification has the effect of the judicial citation mentioned in can. 1512.

Canon 1660 If the exceptions of the respondent demand it, the judge is to establish a time limit for the petitioner to respond, in such a way that from the points brought forth by both of the parties the judge clarifies the object of the controversy.

Canon 1661

1. When the time limits mentioned in cann. 1659 and 1660 have elapsed, the judge, after an examination of the acts, is to determine the formula of the doubt. Next, the judge is to cite all those who must take part to a hearing which must be held within thirty days; the formula of the doubt is to be attached to the citation of the parties.

2. In the citation the parties are to be informed that they can present a brief written statement to the tribunal to verify their claims at least three days before the hearing.

Canon 1662 At the hearing the questions mentioned in cann. 1459–1464 are treated first.

Canon 1663

1. The proofs are collected at the hearing without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1418.

2. A party and his or her advocate can be present at the examination of the other parties, the witnesses, and the experts.

Canon 1664 The notary must put into writing the responses of the parties, the witnesses, and the experts and the petitions and exceptions of the advocates, but in a summary fashion and only in those matters pertaining to the substance of the dispute; the deponents must sign these acts.

Canon 1665 The judge can admit proofs which are not brought forth or sought in the petition or response only according to the norm of can. 1452. After even one witness has been heard, however, the judge can only decide about new proofs according to the norm of can. 1600.

Canon 1666 If all the proofs were not able to be collected during the hearing, a second hearing is to be scheduled.

Canon 1667 When the proofs have been collected, the oral discussion takes place at the same hearing.

Canon 1668

1. Unless the discussion reveals that something must be supplied in the instruction of the case or something else turns up which prevents a proper pronouncement of the sentence, at the completion of the hearing the judge in private is to decide the case immediately; the dispositive part of the sentence is to be read at once before the parties who are present.

2. The tribunal can defer the decision up to the fifth useful day because of the difficulty of the matter or for some other just cause.

3. The complete text of the sentence with the reasons expressed is to be communicated to the parties as soon as possible, ordinarily in not more than fifteen days.

Canon 1669 If the appellate tribunal discovers that the oral contentious process was used at a lower grade of a trial in cases excluded by law, it is to declare the nullity of the sentence and remit the case to the tribunal which rendered the sentence.

Canon 1670 In other matters pertaining to the manner of proceeding, the prescripts of the canons for the ordinary contentious trial are to be observed. In order to expedite matters without prejudice to justice, however, the tribunal, by a decree expressing the reasons for its decision, can derogate from procedural norms which have not been established for validity.

Part III. Certain Special Processes

Title I. Marriage Processes

(1671 - 1707)

2015 CANONS

In Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, (2015) Pope Francis reformed the marriage annulment process. A summary of the new canons is listed here, and below is a similar summary of the canons from the 1983 Code.

Criteria of the reform:

• I. – A single executive sentence in favor of nullity is effective.

• II. – A sole judge under the responsibility of the bishop.

• III. – The bishop himself as judge.

• IV. – Briefer process.

• V. – Appeal to the metropolitan see.

• VI. The duty proper to episcopal conferences.

• VII. – Appeal to the Apostolic See.

• VIII. – Provisions for Eastern Churches.

Art. 1 – The Competent Forum and Tribunals

Can. 1671 Right to Judge § 1. Marriage cases of the baptized belong to the ecclesiastical judge by proper right. § 2. Civil effects of marriage determined by civil magistrate, unless ceded in civil law to an ecclesiastical judge.

Can. 1672. Tribunal Cases not reserved to the Apostolic See, the competencies are the tribunal of: 1° place of marriage; 2° where either party has a domicile or a quasi-domicile; 3° place where most proffs are.

Can. 1673 Judges § 1. Bishop is the first judge. § 2. Bishop to establish tribunal or approach another tribuanl or interdiocesan tribunal. § 3. College of three judges presided by a cleric. § 4. Can have sole clerical judge who, where possible with two assessors. § 5. The tribunal of second instance must always be collegiate for validity. § 6. The tribunal of first instance appeals to the metropolitan tribunal of second instance without prejudice to the prescripts of cann. 1438-1439 and 1444.

Art. 2 – The Right to Challenge a Marriage

Can. 1674 Challenger § 1. The following are qualified to challenge a marriage: 1° the spouses; 2° the promoter of justice. § 2. A marriage which was not accused while both spouses were living cannot be accused after the death of either spouse, unless other reasons exist. § 3. If a spouse dies while the case is pending see can. 1518.

Art. 3 – The Introduction and Instruction of the Case

Can. 1675. Failure Irreparably failed marriage, before accepting case = civil divorce.

Can. 1676 Introduction§ 1. Libellus transmitted to both parties and defender of the bond with 15 days to comment. § 2. The judicial vicar formulates doubt and determines ordinary or briefer process. Communicates to parties and defender. § 3. For ordinary process, the same decree constitutes a college of judges or of a single judge with two assessors according to can. 1673, § 4. § 4. For briefer process is decided upon, see can. 1685. § 5. The formula of doubt determines ground or grounds of challenge.

Can. 1677 Rights§ 1. The defender of the bond, parties' reps, and the promoter of justice have the following rights: 1. to be present at the examination of the parties, witnesses, and the experts; 2. to inspect the acts and review the documents. § 2. The parties cannot be present at the examination mentioned in §1.1.

Can. 1678 Proofs § 1. In cases of the nullity of marriage, a judicial confession and the declarations of the parties (and witnesses to their credibility) can have the force of full proof, to be evaluated by the judge. § 2. Single can produce full proof in some cases. § 3. The judge is to use the services of one or more experts for medical or psychic proofs unless clearly useless. § 4. If the marriage was not consumated - use that process.

Art. 4 - The Judgment, its Appeals and its Effects

Can. 1679. One sentence The sentence of nullity becomes executive.

Can. 1680 Appeal § 1. The aggrieved party, the promoter and defender can introduce an appeal. § 2. A college of judges is established, the defender is designated, and the parties are admonished to put forth their observations within the prescribed time limit; after this time period has passed, if the appeal clearly appears merely dilatory, the collegiate tribunal confirms the sentence of the prior instance by decree. § 3. If an appeal is admitted, the tribunal must proceed. § 4. If a new ground of nullity of the marriage is alleged at the appellate level, the tribunal can admit it and judge it as if in first instance.

Can. 1681. New proofs Case can go to third instance for new proposition if there are new and grave proofs within 30 days.

Can. 1682 Free to marry § 1. After nullity, parties can contract a new marriage, unless prohibited by sentence. § 2. Nullity and possible prohibitions noted in the marriage and baptismal registers.

Art. 5 - The Briefer Matrimonial Process before the Bishop

Can. 1683. Nullity manifest Bishop uses the briefer process whenever: 1. the petition is proposed by both spouses or by one, with the consent of the other; 2. circumstance do not demand a more accurate inquiry or investigation, and render the nullity manifest.

Can. 1684. Libellus The libellus introducing the briefer process contains can. 1504, and: 1. brief, full, and clear facts on which the petition is based; 2. the proofs; 3° documents.

Can. 1685. Citation JV determines doubt, instructor, assessor, cites all for session within 30 days (can. 1686).

Can. 1686. Instruction The instructor collects the proofs in a single session and allows 15 days for observations in favor of the bond and the defense briefs of the parties, if any.

Can. 1687 Decision§ 1. The diocesan bishop, consults the instructor and the assessor, and considers the observations of the defender of the bond and the defense briefs of the parties, then issues the sentence if he reaches moral certitude or refers the case to the ordinary method. § 2. He gives the full text of the sentence with the reasons to the parties as swiftly as possible. § 3. An appeal can be made to the metropolitan or to the Roman Rota, etc. § 4. Dilatory appeals are rejected at the outset.

Art. 6 - The Documentary Process

Can. 1688. On petition, the bishop, JV or judge can declare nullity if no dispensation was given.

Can. 1689 § 1. if 1688 is not certain, a documentary process initiates. § 2. The aggrieved party retains the right of appeal.

Can. 1690. Appeal Second instance judge reviews 1688 case.

Art. 7 – General Norms

Can. 1691 § 1. Civil obligations, and obligations to children notwithstanding. § 2. Oral contentious process mentioned in cann. 1656-1670 not allowed. § 3. Other norms on trials and on rights of persons to be observed.

1983 CANONS

Canons 1671-1691 are replaced by new canons from Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus 2015.

Art. 1. The Competent Forum

English Latin Canon 1671 Marriage cases of the baptized belong to the ecclesiastical judge by proper right.

Canon 1672 Cases concerning the merely civil effects of marriage belong to the civil magistrate unless particular law establishes that an ecclesiastical judge can investigate and decide these cases if they are done in an incidental or accessory manner.

Canon 1673 In cases concerning the nullity of marriage which are not reserved to the Apostolic See, the following are competent:

1. the tribunal of the place in which the marriage was celebrated;

2. the tribunal of the place in which the respondent has a domicile or quasi-domicile;

3. the tribunal of the place in which the petitioner has a domicile, provided that both parties live in the territory of the same conference of bishops and the JV of the domicile of the respondent gives consent after he has heard the respondent;

4. the tribunal of the place in which in fact most of the proofs must be collected, provided that consent is given by the JV of the domicile of the respondent, who is first to ask if the respondent has any exception to make.

Art. 2. The Right to Challenge a Marriage

English Latin

Canon 1674 The following are qualified to challenge a marriage:

1. the spouses;

2. the promoter of justice when nullity has already become public, if the convalidation of the marriage is not possible or expedient.

Canon 1675

1. A marriage which was not accused while both spouses were living cannot be accused after the death of either one or both of the spouses unless the question of validity is prejudicial to the resolution of another controversy either in the canonical forum or in the civil forum.

2. If a spouse dies while the case is pending, however, can. 1518 is to be observed.

Art. 3. The Duty of the Judges

English Latin

Canon 1676 Before accepting a case and whenever there is hope of a favorable outcome, a judge is to use pastoral means to induce the spouses if possible to convalidate the marriage and restore conjugal living.

Canon 1677

1. When the libellus has been accepted, the presiding judge or the ponens is to proceed to the communication of the decree of citation according to the norm of can. 1508.

2. When fifteen days have passed from the communication and unless either party has requested a session for the joinder of the issue, the presiding judge or the ponens is to establish the formula of the doubt or doubts within ten days by ex officio decree and is to notify the parties.

3. The formula of the doubt not only is to ask whether the nullity of the marriage is established in the case but also must determine on what ground or grounds the validity of the marriage is to be challenged.

4. Ten days after the communication of the decree, the presiding judge or the ponens is to arrange for the instruction of the case by a new decree if the parties have lodged no objection.

Art. 4. Proofs

English Latin

Canon 1678

1. The defender of the bond, the legal representatives of the parties, and also the promoter of justice, if involved in the trial, have the following rights:

   1. to be present at the examination of the parties, the witnesses, and the experts, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1559;

   2. to inspect the judicial acts, even those not yet published, and to review the documents presented by the parties.

2. The parties cannot be present at the examination mentioned in §1, n. 1.

Canon 1679 Unless there are full proofs from elsewhere, in order to evaluate the depositions of the parties according to the norm of can. 1536, the judge, if possible, is to use witnesses to the credibility of those parties in addition to other indications and supporting factors.

Canon 1680 In cases of impotence or defect of consent because of mental illness, the judge is to use the services of one or more experts unless it is clear from the circumstances that it would be useless to do so; in other cases the prescript of can. 1574 is to be observed.

Art. 5. The Sentence and the Appeal

English Latin

Canon 1681 Whenever, during the instruction of a case, a very probable doubt emerges that consummation of the marriage did not occur, after suspending the case of nullity with the consent of the parties, the tribunal can complete the instruction for a dispensation super rato and then transmit the acts to the Apostolic See together with a petition for a dispensation from either one or both of the spouses and the votum of the tribunal and the bishop.

Canon 1682

1. The sentence which first declared the nullity of the marriage is to be transmitted ex officio to the appellate tribunal within twenty days from the publication of the sentence, together with the appeals, if there are any, and the other acts of the trial.

2. If a sentence in favor of the nullity of a marriage was given in the first grade of a trial, the appellate tribunal is either to confirm the decision at once by decree or to admit the case to an ordinary examination in a new grade, after having weighed carefully the observations of the defender of the bond and those of the parties if there are any.

Canon 1683 If a new ground of nullity of the marriage is alleged at the appellate grade, the tribunal can admit it and judge it as if in first instance.

Canon 1684

1. After the sentence which first declared the nullity of the marriage has been confirmed at the appellate grade either by a decree or by a second sentence, the persons whose marriage has been declared null can contract a new marriage as soon as the decree or second sentence has been communicated to them unless a prohibition attached to the sentence or decree or established by the local ordinary has forbidden this.

2. The prescripts of can. 1644 must be observed even if the sentence which declared the nullity of the marriage was confirmed not by a second sentence but by a decree.

Canon 1685 As soon as the sentence is executed, the JV must notify the local ordinary of the place in which the marriage was celebrated. The local ordinary must take care that the declaration of the nullity of the marriage and any possible prohibitions are noted as soon as possible in the marriage and baptismal registers.

Art. 6. The Documentary Process

English Latin

Canon 1686 After receiving a petition proposed according to the norm of can. 1677, the JV or a judge designated by him can declare the nullity of a marriage by sentence if a document subject to no contradiction or exception clearly establishes the existence of a diriment impediment or a defect of legitimate form, provided that it is equally certain that no dispensation was given, or establishes the lack of a valid mandate of a proxy. In these cases, the formalities of the ordinary process are omitted except for the citation of the parties and the intervention of the defender of the bond.

Canon 1687

1. If the defender of the bond prudently thinks that either the flaws mentioned in can. 1686 or the lack of a dispensation are not certain, the defender of the bond must appeal against the declaration of nullity to the judge of second instance; the acts must be sent to the appellate judge who must be advised in writing that a documentary process is involved.

2. The party who considers himself or herself aggrieved retains the right of appeal.

Canon 1688 The judge of second instance, with the intervention of the defender of the bond and after having heard the parties, will decide in the same manner as that mentioned in can. 1686 whether the sentence must be confirmed or whether the case must rather proceed according to the ordinary method of law; in the latter event the judge remands the case to the tribunal of first instance.

Art. 7. General Norms

English Latin

Canon 1689 In the sentence the parties are to be reminded of the moral and even civil obligations which may bind them both toward one another and toward their children to furnish support and education.

Canon 1690 Cases for the declaration of the nullity of a marriage cannot be treated in an oral contentious process.

Canon 1691 In other procedural matters, the canons on trials in general and on the ordinary contentious trial must be applied unless the nature of the matter precludes it; the special norms for cases concerning the status of persons and cases pertaining to the public good are to be observed.

Chapter II. Separation of Spouses

English Latin

Canon 1692

1. Unless other provision is legitimately made in particular places, a decree of the diocesan bishop or a judicial sentence can decide the personal separation of baptized spouses according to the norm of the following canons.

2. Where an ecclesiastical decision has no civil effects or if a civil sentence is not contrary to divine law, the bishop of the diocese of the residence of the spouses, after having weighed the special circumstances, can grant permission to approach the civil forum.

3. If a case concerns only the merely civil effects of marriage, the judge, after having observed the prescript of §2, is to try to defer the case to the civil forum from the start.

Canon 1693

1. Unless a party or the promoter of justice requests the ordinary contentious process, the oral contentious process is to be used.

2. If the ordinary contentious process has been used and an appeal is proposed, the tribunal of second grade, observing what is required, is to proceed according to the norm of can. 1682, §2.

Canon 1694 The prescripts of can. 1673 are to be observed in what pertains to the competence of the tribunal.

Canon 1695 Before accepting the case and whenever there is hope of a favorable outcome, the judge is to use pastoral means to reconcile the spouses and persuade them to restore conjugal living.

Canon 1696 Cases concerning the separation of spouses also pertain to the public good; therefore the promoter of justice must always take part in them according to the norm of can. 1433.

Chapter III. Ratum et Non Consummatum

English Latin Canon 1697 Only the spouses, or one of them even if the other is unwilling, have the right to petition for the favor of a dispensation from a marriage ratum et non consummatum.

Canon 1698

1. Only the Apostolic See adjudicates the fact of the non-consummation of a marriage and the existence of a just cause to grant a dispensation.

2. Only the Roman Pontiff, however, grants the dispensation.

Canon 1699

1. The person competent to accept a libellus seeking a dispensation is the diocesan bishop of the domicile or quasi-domicile of the petitioner, who must arrange for the instruction of the process if the petition is well founded.

2. If the proposed case has special difficulties of the juridical or moral order, however, the diocesan bishop is to consult the Apostolic See.

3. Recourse to the Apostolic See is available against a decree by which a bishop rejects a libellus.

Canon 1700

1. Without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1681, the bishop is to entrust the instruction of these processes either in a stable manner or in individual cases to his tribunal, that of another diocese, or a suitable priest.

2. If a judicial petition to declare the nullity of the same marriage has been introduced, however, the instruction is to be entrusted to the same tribunal.

Canon 1701

1. The defender of the bond must always intervene in these processes.

2. A legal representative is not admitted, but because of the difficulty of a case, a bishop can permit the petitioner or the respondent to have the assistance of a legal expert.

Canon 1702 In the instruction each spouse is to be heard, and the canons on the collection of proofs in the ordinary contentious trial and in cases of the nullity of marriage are to be observed insofar as possible, provided that they can be reconciled with the character of these processes.

Canon 1703

1. There is no publication of the acts. If the judge perceives that the proofs brought forward seriously hinder the request of the petitioner or the exception of the respondent, however, he is prudently to inform the interested party.

2. The judge can show a document introduced or a testimony received to a party who requests it and set a time to present observations.

Canon 1704

1. When the instruction has been completed, the instructor is to give all the acts along with a suitable report to the bishop, who is to prepare a votum on the veracity of the fact of the non-consummation, the just cause for the dispensation, and the suitability of the favor.

2. If the instruction of the process has been entrusted to another tribunal according to the norm of can. 1700, the observations in favor of the bond are to be made in the same forum; the votum mentioned in §1, however, pertains to the entrusting bishop, to whom the instructor is to hand over a suitable report together with the acts.

Canon 1705

1. The bishop is to transmit to the Apostolic See all the acts together with his votum and the observations of the defender of the bond.

2. If supplemental instruction is required in the judgment of the Apostolic See, this requirement will be communicated to the bishop with an indication of the points on which the instruction must be completed.

3. If the Apostolic See replies that non-consummation has not been established from the materials presented, then the legal expert mentioned in can. 1701, §2 can inspect the acts of the process, though not the votum of the bishop, at the tribunal to consider whether any grave reason can be brought forth in order to resubmit the petition.

Canon 1706 The Apostolic See transmits the rescript of the dispensation to the bishop who will notify the parties about the rescript and also as soon as possible will order the pastor both of the place where the marriage was contracted and of the place of baptism to note the granting of the dispensation in the marriage and baptismal registers.

Chapter IV. Presumed Death of a Spouse

English Latin

Canon 1707

1. Whenever the death of a spouse cannot be proven by an authentic ecclesiastical or civil document, the other spouse is not considered free from the bond of marriage until after the diocesan bishop has issued a declaration of presumed death.

2. The diocesan bishop is able to issue the declaration mentioned in §1 only if, after having carried out appropriate investigations, he attains moral certitude of the death of the spouse from the depositions of witnesses, from rumor, or from evidence. The absence of a spouse alone, even for a long time, is not sufficient.

3. The bishop is to consult the Apostolic See in uncertain and complicated cases.

Title II. Nullity of Sacred Ordination

(1708 - 1712) English Latin

Canon 1708 The cleric himself, the ordinary to whom the cleric is subject, or the ordinary in whose diocese the cleric was ordained has the right to challenge the validity of sacred ordination.

Canon 1709

1. The libellus must be sent to the competent congregation which will decide whether the congregation of the Roman Curia itself or a tribunal designated by it must handle the case.

2. Once the libellus has been sent, the cleric is forbidden to exercise orders by the law itself.

Canon 1710 If the congregation refers the case to a tribunal, the Canons on trials in general and on the ordinary contentious trial are to be observed unless the nature of the matter precludes it and without prejudice to the prescripts of this title.

Canon 1711 Defender of the Bond

Canon 1712 Two Conforming Sentences. Loss of all rights proper to the clerical state and is freed from all obligations.

Title III. Methods of Avoiding Trials

(1713 - 1716) English Latin

Canon 1713 In order to avoid judicial contentions an agreement or reconciliation is employed usefully, or the controversy can be committed to the judgment of one or more arbitrators.

Canon 1714 For an agreement, a compromise, and an arbitrated judgment, the norms selected by the parties or, if the parties have selected none, the law laid down by the conference of bishops, if there is such a law, or the civil law in force in the place where the agreement is entered into is to be observed.

Canon 1715

1. An agreement or compromise cannot be made validly concerning matters which pertain to the public good and other matters about which the parties cannot make disposition freely.

2. For temporal ecclesiastical goods, the formalities established by law for the alienation of ecclesiastical goods are to be observed whenever the matter demands it.

Canon 1716

1. If the civil law does not recognize the force of an arbitrated sentence unless a judge confirms it, an arbitrated sentence in an ecclesiastical controversy, in order to have force in the canonical forum, needs the confirmation of an ecclesiastical judge of the place where it was rendered.

2. If civil law permits the challenge of an arbitrated judgment before a civil judge, however, the same challenge can be proposed in the canonical forum before an ecclesiastical judge competent to judge the controversy in the first grade.

Part IV. Penal Process

(1717 - 1731)

Chapter I. The Preliminary Investigation

English Latin

Canon 1717

1. Whenever an ordinary has knowledge, which at least seems true, of a delict, he is carefully to inquire personally or through another suitable person about the facts, circumstances, and imputability, unless such an inquiry seems entirely superfluous.

2. Care must be taken so that the good name of anyone is not endangered from this investigation.

3. The person who conducts the investigation has the same powers and obligations as an auditor in the process; the same person cannot act as a judge in the matter if a judicial process is initiated later.

Canon 1718

1. When it seems that sufficient evidence has been collected, the ordinary is to decide:

2. whether a process to inflict or declare a penalty can be initiated;

3. whether, attentive to can. 1341, this is expedient;

4. whether a judicial process must be used or, unless the law forbids it, whether the matter must proceed by way of extrajudicial decree.

5. The ordinary is to revoke or change the decree mentioned in §1 whenever new evidence indicates to him that another decision is necessary.

6. In issuing the decrees mentioned in §§1 and 2, the ordinary is to hear two judges or other experts of the law if he considers it prudent.

7. Before he makes a decision according to the norm of §1 and in order to avoid useless trials, the ordinary is to examine carefully whether it is expedient for him or the investigator, with the consent of the parties, to resolve equitably the question of damages.

Canon 1719 The acts of the investigation, the decrees of the ordinary which initiated and concluded the investigation, and everything which preceded the investigation are to be kept in the secret archive of the curia if they are not necessary for the penal process.

Chapter II. The Development of the Process

English Latin

Canon 1720 If the ordinary thinks that the matter must proceed by way of extrajudicial decree:

1. he is to inform the accused of the accusation and the proofs, giving an opportunity for self-defense, unless the accused neglected to appear after being properly summoned;

2. he is to weigh carefully all the proofs and arguments with two assessors;

3. if the delict is certainly established and a criminal action is not extinguished, he is to issue a decree according to the norm of cann. 1342–1350, setting forth the reasons in law and in fact at least briefly.

Canon 1721

1. If the ordinary has decreed that a judicial penal process must be initiated, he is to hand over the acts of the investigation to the promoter of justice who is to present a libellus of accusation to the judge according to the norm of cann. 1502 and 1504.

2. The promoter of justice appointed to the higher tribunal acts as the petitioner before that tribunal.

Canon 1722 To prevent scandals, to protect the freedom of witnesses, and to guard the course of justice, the ordinary, after having heard the promoter of justice and cited the accused, at any stage of the process can exclude the accused from the sacred ministry or from some office and ecclesiastical function, can impose or forbid residence in some place or territory, or even can prohibit public participation in the Most Holy Eucharist. Once the cause ceases, all these measures must be revoked; they also end by the law itself when the penal process ceases.

Canon 1723

1. The judge who cites the accused must invite the accused to appoint an advocate according to the norm of can. 1481, §1 within the time limit set by the judge.

2. If the accused does not make provision, the judge is to appoint an advocate before the joinder of the issue; this advocate will remain in this function as long as the accused does not appoint an advocate personally.

Canon 1724

1. At any grade of the trial the promoter of justice can renounce the trial at the command of or with the consent of the ordinary whose deliberation initiated the process.

2. For validity the accused must accept the renunciation unless the accused was declared absent from the trial.

Canon 1725 In the discussion of the case, whether done in written or oral form, the accused, either personally or through the advocate or procurator, always has the right to write or speak last.

Canon 1726 If at any grade and stage of the penal trial it is evidently established that the accused did not commit the delict, the judge must declare this in a sentence and absolve the accused even if it is also established that criminal action has been extinguished.

Canon 1727

1. The accused can propose an appeal even if the sentence dismissed the accused only because the penalty was facultative or because the judge used the power mentioned in cann. 1344 and 1345.

2. The promoter of justice can appeal whenever the promoter judges that the repair of scandal or the restoration of justice has not been provided for sufficiently.

Canon 1728

1. Without prejudice to the prescripts of the canons of this title and unless the nature of the matter precludes it, the canons on trials in general and on the ordinary contentious trial must be applied in a penal trial; the special norms for cases which pertain to the public good are also to be observed.

2. The accused is not bound to confess the delict nor can an oath be administered to the accused.

Chapter III. Action to Repair Damages

English Latin

Canon 1729

1. In the penal trial itself an injured party can bring a contentious action to repair damages incurred personally from the delict, according to the norm of can. 1596.

2. The intervention of the injured party mentioned in §1 is not admitted later if it was not made in the first grade of the penal trial.

3. The appeal in a case for damages is made according to the norm of cann. 1628–1640 even if an appeal cannot be made in the penal trial; if both appeals are proposed, although by different parties, there is to be a single appellate trial, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1730.

Canon 1730

1. To avoid excessive delays in the penal trial the judge can defer the judgment for damages until he has rendered the definitive sentence in the penal trial.

2. After rendering the sentence in the penal trial, the judge who does this must adjudicate for damages even if the penal trial still is pending because of a proposed challenge or the accused has been absolved for a cause which does not remove the obligation to repair damages.

Canon 1731 Even if the sentence rendered in a penal trial has become a res iudicata, it in no way establishes the right of the injured party unless this party has intervened according to the norm of can. 1729.

Part V. Administrative Recourse and Removal of Pastors

Section I. Recourse Against Administrative Decrees

English Latin

Canon 1732 These provisions must be applied to all singular administrative acts which are given in the external forum outside a trial excepting those which have been issued by the Roman Pontiff or an ecumenical council. No administrative tribunals @ level of Ep. Conf. dropped in JPII final revision: they are practical, but theologically a problem with critiquing authorities with so called divine authority.

Canon 1733 FIRST STEP: §1. Whenever a person considers himself or herself aggrieved by a decree, it is particularly desirable that the person and the author of the decree avoid any contention and take care to seek an equitable solution by common counsel, possibly using the mediation and effort of wise persons to avoid or settle the controversy in a suitable way. §2. Ep. Conf. can mandate all diocese to have a mediatory council, or bishop can do it on his own. Ep. Conf can't prohibit it. §3. The office or council to assist before time for recourse is elapsed. The superior dealing with recourse should also encourage parties to agree. Don't have to do it: c. 18 have to strictly interpret limiting laws.

Canon 1734 SECOND STEP: §1. Before proposing recourse a person must seek the revocation or emendation of the decree in writing from its author. Recourse suspends the effect. §2. Within 10 days. §3. The norms of §§1 and 2 are not valid: 1º for recourse proposed to a bishop against decrees issued by authorities subject to him; 2º for recourse proposed against a decree which decides a hierarchical recourse unless the bishop gave the decision; 3º for recourse proposed according to the norm of cann. 57 and 1735.

Canon 1735 If the author issues a new decree in 30 days the time limit for recourse runs from the new decree, otherwise from the 30 days.

Canon 1736 Suspension

1. If recourse is suspensive, the petition mentioned in can. 1734 also has the same effect. §2. If not already suspended, hierarchical superior can suspend for a grave cause, with regard to salvation of souls. §3. If not already suspended, the hierarchical superior can suspend. §4. With no recourse, interim suspension of the execution ceases.

Canon 1737

1. The agrieved can have recourse to the hierarchical superior. It can be proposed to the author of the decree who transmits it to the competent hierarchical superior. §2. Witin 15 days; in other cases, they run according to the norm of can. 1735. §3. If not already suspended, the hierarchical superior can suspend for a grave cause, with regard to salvation of souls.

Canon 1738 Right to an advocate or procurator, but without useless delays, or a representative can be appointed.

Canon 1739 The superior receiving recourse can confirm, invalidate, emend, replace, or modify it.

88THIRD STEP: Beyond this it goes to Signatura, see c. 1454.2 which judges correctness of procedure or legality of act. Daneels: In this case, the author might just go back and do the case again with the correct procedure. However, sometimes the hierarchical recourse person acts defacto as a tribunal, not an administative review. Signatura might not know well the circumstances. There is no norm on the language of the recourse, but they accept what they can understand, but this causes inequality, clarity and cost. Practice outside the law in process: if the dossier lacks serious legal foundation, they reject in liminae - is the compatible with justice? Extension of time limits would have more of a sense of justice. Dicasteries can accept time barred cases, but that can be appealed as well. 10 days, 15 days, 30 days, is too short. The right of an advocate: both to have one, and to choose them yourself. Language can limit this as well. Suspension isn't always possible. Is signatura accusatorial (only dealing with what is presented) or inquisitorial (dealing with issues sua sponte)? Daneels says accusatorial regarding process, inquisitive for substance. Hard for Signatura to assess damages if required. Most common cases: 1. Transfer or removal of Pastor, Members of Religious Institutes, Closure of parishes and churches. These are all decrees.

Section II. Removal or Transfer of Pastors

(1740 - 1752)

Chapter I. Removal of Pastors

English Latin

Canon 1740 When the ministry of any pastor becomes harmful or at least ineffective for any cause, even through no grave personal negligence, the diocesan bishop can remove him from the parish.

Canon 1741 Causes Causes for removal of a pastor are especially: 1º actions bringing grave detriment or disturbance to ecclesiastical communion; 2º ineptitude or a permanent infirmity of mind or body which incapacitate; 3º loss of a good reputation among upright and responsible parishioners; 4º grave neglect or violation of parochial duties which persists after a warning; 5º poor administration of temporal affairs with grave damage. (c.18 limiting laws interpreted strictly. List here is exemplary, not exhaustive.)

Canon 1742 §1. If one of the causes mentioned in can. 1740 is established, the bishop is to discuss the matter with two pastors as established. He should persuade priest to resign in 15 days, after explaining cause of removal. - See can. 682, §2 for religious priests.

Canon 1743 A pastor can submit a resignation also conditionally, provided that the bishop can and does accept it.

Canon 1744

1. If the pastor has not responded within the prescribed days, the bishop is to repeat the invitation and extend the useful time to respond.

2. If the bishop establishes that the pastor received the second invitation but did not respond even though not prevented by any impediment, or if the pastor refuses to resign without giving any reasons, the bishop is to issue a decree of removal.

Canon 1745 If the pastor opposes the cause given and its reasons and alleges reasons which seem insufficient to the bishop, the bishop, in order to act validly, is:

1. to invite the pastor to organize his objections in a written report after he has inspected the acts, and offer any proofs he has to the contrary;

2. when any necessary instruction is completed, to consider the matter together with the same pastors mentioned in can. 1742, §1, unless others must be designated because those pastors are unavailable;

3. finally, to establish whether the pastor must be removed or not and promptly to issue a decree on the matter.

Canon 1746 After the pastor has been removed, the bishop is to make provision either for an assignment to some other office, if he is suitable for this, or for a pension as the case warrants and circumstances permit.

Canon 1747

1. The removed pastor must refrain from exercising the function of pastor, vacate the rectory as soon as possible, and hand over everything belonging to the parish to the person to whom the bishop has entrusted the parish.

2. If, however, the man is sick and cannot be transferred elsewhere from the rectory without inconvenience, the bishop is to leave him the use, even exclusive use, of the rectory while this necessity lasts.

3. While recourse against a decree of removal is pending, the bishop cannot appoint a new pastor, but is to provide a parochial administrator in the meantime.

Chapter II. Transfer of Pastors

English Latin

Canon 1748 If the good of souls or the necessity or advantage of the Church demands that a pastor be transferred from a parish which he is governing usefully to another parish or another office, the bishop is to propose the transfer to him in writing and persuade him to consent to it out of love of God and souls.

Canon 1749 If the pastor does not intend to submit to the counsel and persuasions of the bishop, he is to explain the reasons in writing.

Canon 1750 Notwithstanding the reasons alleged, if the bishop decides not to withdraw from his proposal, he is to consider the reasons which favor or oppose the transfer with two pastors selected according to the norm of can. 1742, §1. If he then decides to implement the transfer, however, he is to repeat the paternal exhortations to the pastor.

Canon 1751

1. When this has been done, if the pastor still refuses and the bishop thinks that the transfer must be made, he is to issue a decree of transfer, establishing that the parish will be vacant after the lapse of a set time.

2. If this period of time has passed without action, he is to declare the parish vacant.

Canon 1752 In cases of transfer the prescripts of can. 1747 are to be applied, canonical equity is to be observed, and the salvation of souls, which must always be the supreme law in the Church, is to be kept before one’s eyes.